write an essay on indus valley civilization
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The Indus Valley civilization was an ancient civilization in the Indian subcontinent. It was discovered by archaeologists in the 1920s. It developed along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the area of modern Pakistan and north-west India and Afghanistan. It started during the Bronze Age. The height of its development was between 2500 BC and 1500 BC. Including the civilizations directly before and directly afterward, it may have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th century BC.[1][2]
The Indus Valley civilization covered a large area - from Balochistan (Pakistan) to Gujarat (Republic of India). The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was Harappa and therefore this civilization is also known as 'Harappan Civilization'.
They were good builders. The ruins of the site show that the harappa civilization people were skillful designers. Their buildings had two or sometimes more stories. The bathrooms were attached to the rooms. One of the unique features of the city was its elaborate drainage system. A brick-lined drainage channel flowed alonside every street. Removable bricks were placed at regular intervals for easy cleaning and inspection.
The harappans played dice games. The harappan traders used seals on the knots of the sacks to be transported to make sure that they were not opened during the journey. Nobody knows how to read their writing.
In 1842 Charles Masson wrote a book that mentioned the sites of Indus Valley Civilisation.[3] Few people paid attention. Later, in 1921-22, John Marshall organised the first archaeological dig at Harappa.[4] His work was continued by Mortimer Wheeler after the Second World War.
References[change | change source]Jump up↑ Allchin, Bridget 1997. Origins of a Civilization: the prehistory and early archaeology of South Asia. New York: Viking.Jump up↑ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark 1998. Ancient cities of the Indus Valley civilisation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577940-1Jump up↑ Masson, Charles 1842. Chapter 2: Haripah, in Narrative of various journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab; including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838. London: Richard Bentley, p. 472.Jump up↑ Marshall, John (ed) 1931. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization.
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Answer:
In this essay we will discuss about Indus Valley Civilisation:- 1. Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation 2. Race of Indus Civilisation 3. Date 4. Town Planning and Architecture 5. Social Life of the People 6. Economic Life of the People 7. Religion of the People 8. Art and Craft 9. Causes for the Destruction of Indus Valley Culture 10. Contribution of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Contents:
1. Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation
2. Race of Indus Civilisation
3. Date of Indus Civilisation
4. Town Planning and Architecture of Indus Civilisation
5. Social Life of the People of Indus Civilisation
6. Economic Life of the People of Indus Civilisation
7. Religion of the People of Indus Civilisation
8. Art and Craft of the People of Indus Civilisation
9. Causes for the Destruction of Indus Valley Culture
10. Contribution of the Indus Valley Civilisation
1. Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation:
For a long time it was believed that Indians are stay at home people and our civilization was only of recent origin. But the excavation at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which led to the discovery of Indus Valley civilization, has set all these doubts at naught.
It has now been established beyond all doubts that India possessed one of the advanced civilisation at a time when the English people were still living in the jungle age. This unique and important civilisation of the pre-historic times in India was for the first time discovered by Daya Ram Sahni and R.D. Banerjee in 1921 and 1922.
Further excavation were carried out along the Indus between Rupar at the foot of Shimla hills and Sutkagendor, 300 miles close to Karachi, where similar remains were discovered. In recent years excavation at village Alamirpur near Meerut and in Saurashtra have also revealed the similar remains.
All these discoveries point to the existence of an advanced civilisation in pre-historic India which is now popularly known as Indus Valley Civilization or Harappa Culture.
Though this civilisation is termed as Indus civilisation it covered even area beyond the Indus Valley. It extended from the upper Sutlej to the Gulf of Camba in the South and from Makran coast of the Arabian Sea in the west to the Jamuna-Ganges country in the east. Thus the Indus civilisation was the largest of the early civilisations.
2. Race of Indus Civilisation:
There has been much controversy amongst the historians regarding the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged. Different scholars have tried to speculate, mainly on the basis of human skeletons and skulls found in the ruins, about their race.While some scholars are of the opinion that they were Aryans. This point is not acceptable to Sir John Marshall. Marshall holds that this civilisation was quite different from the earlier Vedic civilisation and that it was quite different from that of the Aryans.
According to Gorden Childe, the people of Indus Valley were of Sumerian race. However, he fails to give convincing and substantial proof in support of this view. RD. Banerjee has expressed the view that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation were Dravidians.
However, if we take the funeral customs of the people of Indus Valley, it would be difficult to accept this contention. On the basis of the finds discovered Dr. Guha has expressed the view that the people belonged to a mixed race. Thus we find that there is great difficulty in ascertaining the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged.