write an essay on the Mughal court during the reign of Shah Jahan.
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Answer:
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram[3] (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666),[7] better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (Persian: شاه جهان; "King of the World"),[8] was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658.[9] He is widely considered one of the greatest Mughal emperors; under his reign the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its glory.[10] Although an able military commander, Shah Jahan is perhaps best remembered for his architectural achievements. His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra, which entombs his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. His relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Indian art, literature, and cinema.Shah Jahan was considered the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's four sons. Jahangir's death in late 1627 spurred a war of succession from which Shah Jahan emerged victorious after much intrigue. He put to death all of his rivals for the throne and crowned himself emperor in January 1628 in Agra under the regnal title "Shah Jahan" (which was originally given to him as a princely title). His rule saw many grand building projects, including the Red Fort and the Shah Jahan Mosque. Foreign affairs saw war with the Safavids and conflict with the Portuguese, but positive relations with the Ottoman Empire. Domestic concerns included putting down numerous rebellions, and a devastating famine from 1630-32.
In September 1657, Shah Jahan fell seriously ill. This set off a war of succession among his four sons in which his third son, Aurangzeb, emerged victorious and usurped his father.[11] Shah Jahan recovered from his illness, but Aurangzeb put his father under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666.[12] He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.
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The early years
Shah Jahan is the 5th Mughal emperor, coming after Bâbur, Humâyûn, Akbar, and Jahângîr, his father. His mother was Princess Nûr Jahân, a woman who had taken power over her husband during the last years of his reign, at a time when he had fallen into the grip of drugs. Born January 5, 1592 in Lahore, he died on January 22, 1666 in Agra at the age of 74 years. He is known as Shah Jahân, sometimes spelled Shah Jehan, but his official name is Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan.
The first years of Shah Jahan, years in which he was known as Prince Khurram, saw the young man receive a refined and cultivated education. He studied a large number of disciplines and became a specialist in martial arts. He surprised his world by taking an interest in architecture. An anecdote is told that he himself built his quarters in the Fort of Kabul, but also by proposing various internal arrangements to the fort of Agra.Showing very young intellectual abilities as well as physical, he quickly draws the attention of his grandfather who thinks of appointing him to his estate, before yielding to Jahângîr, his father. In 1617, at the age of 25, he took the reins of an army and conquered the Deccan against Loddi, a victory that allowed his father to expand his territory on the southern border of the Empire. His father rewarded him with the title of "Bahadur Shah Jahan", which indicated to all that he was the favorite to succeed to the throne. Subsequently he increased his aura by winning different victories, still widening a little more the historical territory of the Mughals, but without ever reaching, however, to extend towards the West.
Its reign
It was in 1628 that he took power, succeeding his father Jahangir, who died in 1627. The end of his father was not easy, as was the case for all these predecessors and some successors. In fact, Jahangir's wife had become, over the years, the true governess of the Empire, her husband having fallen into drugs such as opium and alcohol. When he became ill, she was afraid of being out of power, Khurram being eager to take over. So she married the girl she had had from a first marriage with another son of Jahangir, Shahryar, hoping to have a male heir at his command. But this son did not arrive, and the succession to the throne, which took place long before the death of the Emperor, took place between Khurram and Shâhryâr, the legitimate one because he was carried by his military conquests and heir appointed by Jahângîr. illegitimate because of the intrigues of the court.
Still, at the emperor's real death, the two immediately became emperors, but it took another battle to assert the legitimacy of Khurram, who officially becomes Shah Jahân.
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