Write down a note on tuberculosis?
Answers
It is caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis in any organ of the body but involvement in the extra pulmonary sites like breast, spleen, skeletal muscles is very rare. ... It is also called as phthisis pulmonalis.It is a wide spread and fatal infectious disease typically attacks the lungs and also other parts of the body.
TB usually affects the lungs, although it can spread to other organs around the body. Doctors make a distinction between two kinds of tuberculosis infection: latent and active. ... They cause no symptoms and are not contagious, but they can become active.
It is caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis in any organ of the body but involvement in the extra pulmonary sites like breast, spleen, skeletal muscles is very rare. ... It is also called as phthisis pulmonalis.It is a wide spread and fatal infectious disease typically attacks the lungs and also other parts of the body.
Symptoms of the infection include
1) Chronic cough
2) Fever
3) Night sweats
4) Weight loss
5) Sputum in the blood
6) Fatigue
7) Nail clubbing
Transmission
When people with Tuberculosis in the lung cough, sneeze, sing, spit, speak, they expel the infectious droplets of 0.5 to 5.0 μm in diameter. Each one of the droplets may transmit the disease due to the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection as the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small.A person with active but untreated may infect the 10 to 15 other people per year.
Pathogenesis
Most of the individuals who are affected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis have no symptoms ie asymptomatic. The infection begins when the bacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli of the lung which invades and undergoes replication within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. These macrophages identify the bacteria as foreign microorganisms and they invade by the process known as Phagocytosis. During this, the whole bacteria is enveloped by the macrophages and gets stored in temporary bound membrane known as phagosome.This phagosome gets combined with the lysosome and forms phagolysosome.This attempts to utilize the free radical species of reactive oxygen species and acid in order to kill the bacteria. But the M. Tuberculosis has a thick waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from toxic substances and it actually reproduces in the macrophages and later kills the immune cell.
The host immune response against the bacteria immediately after phagocytosis by the macrophages cells and the receptor cells. These cells generate innate immune response and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which amplifies anti-microbial activity against the pathogen.
It leads the cause of death globally 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths every year. To enhance the DOTS program, by understanding the reasons for unsuccessful outcomes for the improvement of treatment strategy.
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