write in details about the policies of Muhammad bin tughlaq and also give reasons for their failure
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Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughluq (also Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Ulugh Khan; died 20 March 1351) was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas -ud -Din -Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. His wife was the daughter of the Raja of Dipalpur.[2] Ghiyas-ud-din sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal in 1321 and 1323.[3] Muhammad has been described as an "inhuman eccentric" with bizarre character by the accounts of visitors during his rule.[4] He is also known for wild policy swings.[5] Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. He was interested in medicine and was skilled in several languages — Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit.[6] Ibn Battuta, the famous traveler and jurist from Morocco, was a guest at his court and wrote about his suzerainty in his book.[7]
Explanation:
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Answer:
following are the policies introduced by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq-
I. Land tax in Doab: In order to increase the wealth of royal treasure Sultan raised the land tax from five to
ten percent over doab region at a time when the entire region was in the grip of a severe famine due to
failure of rain. This led to wide spread of discontent among the peasants and finally abandoned their
lands; many of them adopted highway robbery. As soon as Sultan acquainted with the situation faced by
the peasants, he withdrew the ordinance and adopted the relief measures for the good of peasantry; but
they were started quite late.
II. Transfer of capital: the next venture of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the shifting of the capital to
Devagiri, renamed Doulatabad. He wanted to locate his capital in the central part of the empire and he
also wanted to make it safe from the Mongol invasion. He made a mistake which involved almost a
wholesale transfer of the population; whereas he could have transferred only government departments.
But due to the painful long journey many people lost their life before reaching Devagiri. The situation
turned worst when he order4ed to return back the rest public when he realized his mistake of
transferring capital.
III. Introduction of token currency: Another daring experiment of the Sultan was introduction of the
currency of the bronze coins at per the value of the silver and gold coins. Notable t5hat in doing so he
even did not consult his ministers. But it affected the economy of the empire as it became very easy for
the people to counterfeits of bronze in large numbers. Trade came to be standstill and business
paralyzed. Finally Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq readily gave the gold and silver coins in exchange of the
bronge coins to withdrew the very token currency.
IV. Khorasan expedition: Khurasan was a part of the Persian Empire there was serious internal conflict in
Persia. Due to the influence of khurasani nobles Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq made up his mind to conquer
Khurasan and with this vision he recruited a vast army of 3,70,000 soldiers. Her paid the soldiers
advanced sallery; but before the march of this army towards Khurasn, the condition of central Asia
improved and the scheme remained unfulfilled.
V. Qarajal campaign: Muhammad Tughlaq wanted to establish his control over Qarzal in Kumayun and
with this intention he sent an expedition of 10,000 soldiers against Qarzal. But the way was blocked due
to heavy rains and the supply lines were broken.