Question

Write nite on HGP and its goals.

Answer 1

The term genome (introduced by H. Winkter in 1920) refers to one complete copy of the genetic information (DNA) or one complete set of chromosome (monoploid or haploid) of an organism.

The term genomics (term coined by T.H. Roderick in 1987) denotes mapping, sequencing and functional analysis of genomes.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was launched on 1st October, 1990 for sequencing entire genome of 2.75 billion nucleotide pairs. This megaproject was a 13 year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcom Trust (U.K.) becomes a major partner; additional contributions come from Japan, France, Germany, China and others.


Goals of Human Genome Project:

Human Genome Project had many goals some of the important goals were outlined below:

1. To identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.

2. To determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs that makes up human DNA.
3. To store this information in data base.

4. To develop improvised tools for data analysis.

5. To transfer related technologies to other sectors, such as industries.

6. To address the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

The methodologies involved two major approaches identifying all genes of the genome and their sequencing. For sequencing, the total DNA from a cell is isolated and converted into fragments of relatively small sizes and cloned in suitable host, this generates a genomic library of the organism. The complete sequencing of the first human chromosome, small chromosome 22, was published in December 1999. Then chromosome 21 was completely sequenced in May 2000. The first draft sequence of entire human genome was published in the famous scientific journal “Nature” on 16th February, 2001.

Answer 2

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To identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA

to determine the sequence of 3 billion chemical base pairs

to store this information in databases

improve tools for data analysis

transfer related technologies to other sector such as industries