write the details of science of medicine and surgery and Astronomy and Astrology in short.
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Explanation:
Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing has found no evidence to support the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.
Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified. The most famous test was headed by Shawn Carlson and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that natal astrology performed no better than chance. Astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin claimed to have found statistical support for "the Mars effect" in the birth dates of athletes, but it could not be replicated in further studies. The organisers of later studies claimed that Gauquelin had tried to influence their inclusion criteria for the study by suggesting specific individuals be removed. It has also been suggested, by Geoffrey Dean, that the reporting of birth times by parents (before the 1950s) may have caused the apparent effect.
Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity, and is thus regarded as pseudoscience.There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.
Answer:
Maharishi Charak, Maharishi Sushruta and Vaghatta were the pioneers of ancient India’s medical and herbal science and surgery. These people did extensive research and reached great heights. Maharishi Charak wrote a book ‘Charak Samhita’ in which he has mentioned about over 2000 medicinal herbs. Maharishi Sushruta wrote a book ‘Sushruta Samhita’ in which he has mentioned instruments used in surgery. The instruments were so sharp that they could split a single in two parts vertically. Vagbhatta wrote a book Vagbhatta Samhita’. Even today, all these three books serve as a very important reference for doctors. Vaghatta also wrote ‘Ashtang Hriday’ which is an excellent book for diagnosis.(a) Knowledge about medicines: Ancient Hindu culture’s herbal science is enriched with huge collection of minerals and medicines that can be made from plants and animals. Our ancient literature on these sciences explains in detail all the complicated processes of making medicines, classifying them and their usage inproper way. They could recognize symptoms and diagnose the disease. Based on this they used to provide ayurvedic medicines.
(b) Surgery: The ancient Indian doctors were so skilled that to perform surgeries they could stop blood circulation using a special type of bowl-shaped bandage. They could skillfully operate abdomen, kidney, cataract, hernia, stone, piles, bladder, etc. They were expert enough to classify our bones. They could also join the broken or displaced bones and extract things pierced into the body easily and skilfully. They were skilled in plastic surgery as well joining nose and ears. Our ancient doctors had a deep interest in teaching . students the method of surgery. They used to demonstrate surgeries to students either on dead bodies or on wax statues. They also conducted risky operations during delivery. They were also expert gynaecologists and paediatricians and could treat related problems.Many works i.e. ‘grantha’ related to astronomy have been written in India. Ancient universities of India did systematic and deep study of astronomy. Indian scholars studied planets and their movements, constellations and other celestial objects in several mathematical calculations. Based on these calculations they made remarkable progress in the fields of astronomy. They also used to make several predictions by studying the movement of planets. Aryabhatta made a remarkable contribution in field of astronomy. As a result, when India launched its first satellite, named ‘Aryabhatta’. He declared that the earth rotates on its own axis. He proved that the basic reason for lunar eclipse is the shadow of the earth.Ancient universities of India did systematic and deep study of astrology. Indian scholars studied planets and their movements, constellations and other celestial objects in several mathematical calculations. Based on these calculations they made remarkable progress in the field of astrology. They also used to make several predictions by studying the movement of planets. One of the greatest astrologers and astonomers Varahmihir divided astrology into three sections namely Tantra’, ‘Hora’ and ‘Samhita’. He wrote a book called ‘Brihat Samhita’. This book gives information about effects of planets on man’s future, his characteristics, various classes of animals, the auspicious time of marriage, digging ponds and wells and making gardens.
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