Write the ion exchange method for removal of permanent hardness.
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Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium sulfate which can’t be removed by boiling.
The ion exchange resin can help in removing permanent hardness. Small balls of resins are made having 1-2mm diameter, and it is packed in tubes.
The hard water passes through the tube and sodium ions from the resin come off and go into the water n exchange with the calcium ions, thus removing hardness.
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