Write the similarities and differences between the state and central
governments.
Answers
Answer:The Central government has one cabinet which is ruled by the prime minister or the president while state governments are run either by chief ministers of governors. Central government gives a good share of income to the state governments while state governments pay tax on different items to the central government
What is the difference between the central government and the state government of India?
To know the difference between Central Govt and a State Govt at First one has to know the Basis of this structure. Some people have mentioned Salary of Employee as the Difference but the truth is How these salary Vary and is it a parameter to differentiate between a state Govt and a Central Govt then I would d Say No and Never. Lets understand - Why are there two governments? You must have heard the term “ Federalism “ and we know INDIA has a federal structure as our Constitution declares it when it says “India is a union of states “ , Federal Structure means the Sharing of powers ( Executive, Administrative) mentioned in Part XI of indian constitution between state and the Centre or Decentralization of power. It may be different for Different Countries based on its Constitution and to know how these are different in Many countries I will give you Example of two most Developed countries of American Continent 1. Canada and 2. The USA, India doesn’t follow American federal system where autonomy of Each state is preserved without making Central Govt its boss but it has adopted Canadian federal system as we know and in canadian or an Indian Federal Structure the power of a Country is Vested in both the Government more or less but the Central Government is always Powerful as Compared to state Government or we can say Monopoly or Autonomy of Central Govt may be witnessed most of the times. You have heard about the Residual powers and these powers always remains with central Govt in a Canadian federal structure Unlike The USA and Australia. Now we need to know power distribution included in Union list, State list, Concurrent list and the most seminal Residual Powers.
Power of Central Govt is exercised mostly and readily on items present in Union list Via Indian Parliament which has 100 items ( earlier 97) and it includes defence, armed forces, arms and ammunition, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship, extradition, railways, shipping and navigation, airways, posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless and broadcasting, currency, foreign trade, inter-state trade and commerce, banking, insurance, control of industries, regulation and development of mines, mineral and oil resources, elections, audit of Government accounts, constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court, High Courts and union public service commission, income tax, custom duties and export duties, duties of excise, corporation tax, taxes on capital value of assets, estate duty, terminal taxes.
Now for State Govt - State List consists of 61 items (previously 66 items). Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list: maintaining law and order, police forces, healthcare, transport, land policies, electricity in state, village administration, etc. The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects. But in certain circumstances, the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List, then the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) has to pass a resolution with 2/3rd majority that it is expedient to legislate on this state list in the national interest.Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List, articles 249, 250, 252, and 253 state situations in which the Union government can legislate on these items.
Concurrent list - Concurrent List consists of 52 (earlier 47) items. Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list: Marriage and divorce, transfer of property other than agricultural land, education, contracts, bankruptcy and insolvency, trustees and trusts, civil procedure, contempt of court, adulteration of foodstuffs, drugs and poisons, economic and social planning, trade unions, labour welfare, electricity, newspapers, books and printing press, stamp duties.
The most important Residuary subjects - The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. However, there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting or to legislate. Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per , the power to legislate on residuary subjects (not mentioned any where in the constitution), rests with the exclusively per Article 248. Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments.
In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended, the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its per with ratification by the majority of the states. Federalism is part of the which cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing by the .