Question

Write two main features of realist approach in international

Answer 1

Liberalism:

Belief that humans are inherently good and cooperative; they are able to work to together in the international system in recognition of a ‘harmony of interests’ (Kant, Perpetual Peace (1795)).

There’s a particular emphasis on progress i.e things can only improve.

Its state-centric, like all mainstream theories, in viewing the state as objective truth and the key actor of international relations.

Considers human reason as the means to achieve the ‘good life’.

Thinkers: Kant, Smith, Wilson.

Democracy can prevent conflict e.g. Democratic Peace Theory (Doyle).

Neo-liberalism:

Call for a mutually respected economic and moral rules i.e. human rights, WTO.

Its less idealistic than its earlier counterpart, viewing the need of coercion to change state behaviour e.g. liberal democratisation (Iraq, Libya), interventionism.

Market forces as an active determinant of interdependence - includes: liberalisation, deregulation and privatisation.

Belief in rules to change or modify state behaviour.

Thinkers: Doyle, Friedman, Fukuyama.

Realism

Core tenets: state-centric; states as rational actors; states are concerned primarily with national security and power; anarchy of the international system leads to perpetual fear; human nature as inherently egoistic.

Again, it is factional:

Realism (agent-centric)

Thinkers: E.H Carr, Thucydides, Hobbes, Morgenthau, Machiavelli.

States are believed to reflect human nature; interested in survival through accruing ‘relative power’.

‘Security dilemma’ - smaller states want to gain power to avoid the threat of larger states, in turn, these larger states feel threatened and conflict arises.

No room for morality in IR (Thucydides).

Neorealism (structural)

Believes that the cause of conflict was due to anarchy, not human nature.

‘Wars occur because there is nothing to prevent it’ (Waltz); and international ‘state of nature’.

Recognises a lack of global government and enforceable rules as the cause of conflict.

Thinkers: Mearsheimer, Waltz

Lends to the Balance of Power Theory; limited by the belief that any cooperation can never be extensive nor prolonged.

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