wtite an essay on the growth of early cities in iraq
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The country today known as Iraq was a region of the Ottoman Empire until the partition of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century. It was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. In April 1920 the British Mandate of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations. A British-backed monarchy joining these vilayets into one Kingdom was established in 1921 under Faisal I of Iraq. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003. After an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party was removed from power, and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The US presence in Iraq ended in 2011,[8] but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country. Out of the insurgency came a highly destructive group calling itself ISIL, which took large parts of the north and west. It has since been largely defeated. Disputes over the sovereignty of Iraqi Kurdistan continue. A referendum about the full sovereignty of Iraqi Kurdistan was held on 25 September 2017. On 9 December 2017, then-Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared victory over ISIL after the group lost its territory in Iraq.[9]
Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of 19 governorates (provinces) and one autonomous region (Iraqi Kurdistan). The country's official religion is Islam. Culturally, Iraq has a very rich heritage and celebrates the achievements of its past in both pre-Islamic as well as post-Islamic times and is known for its poets. Its painters and sculptors are among the best in the Arab world, some of them being world-class as well as producing fine handicrafts, including rugs and carpets. Iraq is a founding member of the UN as well as of the Arab League, OIC, Non-Aligned Movement and the IMF.
Contents
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Pre-historic era
2.2 Ancient Iraq
2.2.1 Bronze Age
2.2.2 Iron Age
2.2.3 Babylonian and Persian periods
2.3 Middle Ages
2.4 Ottoman Iraq
2.5 British administration and independent kingdom
2.6 Republic and Ba'athist Iraq
2.7 2003–2007
2.8 2008–present
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Government and politics
4.1 Law
4.2 Military
4.3 Foreign relations
4.4 Human rights
4.5 Administrative divisions
5 Economy
5.1 Oil and energy
5.2 Water supply and sanitation
5.3 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Ethnic groups
6.2 Languages
6.3 Urban areas
6.4 Religion
6.5 Diaspora and refugees
6.6 Health
6.7 Education
7 Culture
7.1 Music
7.2 Art and architecture
7.3 Media
7.4 Cuisine
7.5 Sport
8 Technology
8.1 Mobile phones
8.2 Satellite
8.3 Undersea cable
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 Further reading
13 External links
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