1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest
in France.
2. Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which
groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would
have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
3. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world
during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
4. Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be
traced to the French Revolution.
5. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was
beset with contradictions? Explain.
6. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?
Answers
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answer are the followings
1. circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France were:
Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates which comprise peasants, officials and small business. It was only third estates that pay taxes. Clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes.
Subsistence Crisis: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. Price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
Economic Problems: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes.
2. The middle class or the richer members of the Third Estate consisting of merchants, traders, lawyers and rich peasants benefited the most from the French Revolution; feudal obligations were no longer to be honored by the Third Estate. Tithes, the tax given to the Church, were abolished.
The clergy and nobility were the groups which were forced to relinquish power. Now they could not collect taxes and their lands were confiscated.
The poorer sections of the third estate and women were disappointed with the outcome of the French revolution because their aspirations were not properly fulfilled, example women were not given voting rights. Poor men who did not have fulfilled property or who did not pay taxes were not allowed to vote.
3. It is because it was the first national movement that adopted the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity .. These ideas became the basic tenets of democracy for every nation in the 19 and 20th century.The Revolution espoused the cause of the masses, sought to abolish the idea of divine right, feudal privileges slavery and censorship, and upheld merit as the basis for social upgradation. These tenets are important even in the contemporary world for their emphasis on equality. And later, colonisation were abolished by re-working the French Revolution ideals of freedom and equality
4.Answer
We can trace the origin of the following democratic rights we enjoy today to the french revolution:
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Freedom of Speech and expression
Right against exploitations
Right to justice
5.Yes, the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions
Many ideas in the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen" were replete with dubious meanings. For example, "the law has the right to forbid only actions injurious to society" had nothing to say about criminal offences against other individuals.
The declaration stated that "law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to participate in its formation…All citizens are equal before it", but when France became a constitutional monarchy, almost 3 million citizens including men who did not pay sufficient taxes, women and men under the age of 25 were not allowed to vote at all.
6 Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:
After the French Revolution, France became a republic
The Jacobins introduced some radical reforms but they under Robespierre followed the policies so relentlessly that he himself was guillotine in July 1794
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