1.Give the scheme of taxonomic categories showing hierachial arrangement?
2.Difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?
Answers
Answer:
1)Taxonomic hierarchy is the process of arranging various groups of organisms, into successive levels of the biological classification in a sequence either in a decreasing or increasing order from kingdom to species and vice versa. Each of this level or hierarchy is called the taxonomic category or rank.
Various taxonomic categories can be arranged in ascending order as taxonomic hierarchy as shown below -
Species
→
→ Genus
→
→ Family
→
→ Order
→
→ Class
→
→ Phylum
→
→ Kingdom.
Here, Kingdom is the highest taxonomic category with a maximum number of organisms while species is the lowest category.
2)Fermentation is a widespread pathway, but it is not the only way to get energy from fuels anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen). Some living systems instead use an inorganic molecule other than
O
2
O
2
start text, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, such as sulfate, as a final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain. This process, called anaerobic cellular respiration, is performed by some bacteria and archaea.
Anaerobic cellular respiration is similar to aerobic cellular respiration in that electrons extracted from a fuel molecule are passed through an electron transport chain, driving
ATP
ATPstart text, A, T, P, end text synthesis. Some organisms use sulfate
(
SO
4
2
−
)
(SO
4
2−
)left parenthesis, start text, S, O, end text, start subscript, 4, end subscript, start superscript, 2, minus, end superscript, right parenthesis as the final electron acceptor at the end ot the transport chain, while others use nitrate
(
NO
3
−
)
(NO
3
−
)left parenthesis, start text, N, O, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start superscript, minus, end superscript, right parenthesis, sulfur, or one of a variety of other molecules
1
1
start superscript, 1, end superscript.
What kinds of organisms use anaerobic cellular respiration? Some prokaryotes—bacteria and archaea—that live in low-oxygen environments rely on anaerobic respiration to break down fuels. For example, some archaea called methanogens can use carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor, producing methane as a by-product. Methanogens are found in soil and in the digestive systems of ruminants, a group of animals including cows and sheep.