Question

1. Write a note on:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles​

Answer 1

$\huge\underline\bold\purple{AɴsᴡᴇR}$

$\blue {\tt{ɢɪᴜՖePpᴇ \:ᴍᴀᴢᴢɪɴɪ:-}}$

• ɢɪᴜsᴇᴘᴘᴇ ᴍᴀᴢᴢɪɴɪ ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴀɴ ɪᴛᴀʟɪᴀɴ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ, ᴡʜᴏ ᴡᴀs ʙᴏʀɴ ɪɴ ɢᴇɴᴏᴀ ɪɴ 1807. ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs sᴇɴᴛ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴇxɪʟᴇ ᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ 24 ɪɴ 1831 ғᴏʀ ᴀᴛᴛᴇᴍᴘᴛɪɴɢ ᴀ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ʟɪɢᴜʀɪᴀ. ʜᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴇᴅ ᴛᴡᴏ sᴇᴄʀᴇᴛ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛɪᴇs, ɴᴀᴍᴇʟʏ ʏᴏᴜɴɢ ɪᴛᴀʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ ʏᴏᴜɴɢ ᴇᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ. ʜᴇ ɪɴsᴘɪʀᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʏᴏᴜɴɢ ᴍᴇᴍʙᴇʀs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛɪᴇs ᴛᴏ ɪɴᴠᴏʟᴠᴇ ɪɴ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛɪᴇs.

• ғᴏʟʟᴏᴡɪɴɢ ʜɪs ɪᴅᴇᴀs ᴀɴᴅ ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏᴅᴇʟ ᴏғ ʜɪs sᴇᴄʀᴇᴛ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛɪᴇs, ᴍᴏʀᴇ sᴜᴄʜ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛɪᴇs ᴡᴇʀᴇ sᴇᴛ ᴜᴘ ɪɴ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴʏ, ғʀᴀɴᴄᴇ, sᴡɪᴛᴢᴇʀʟᴀɴᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴏʟᴀɴᴅ. ᴀᴜsᴛʀɪᴀɴ ᴄʜᴀɴᴄᴇʟʟᴏʀ ᴅᴜᴋᴇ ᴍᴀᴛᴛᴇʀɴɪᴄʜ ᴏɴᴄᴇ ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇᴅ ʜɪᴍ ᴀs ‘ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴅᴀɴɢᴇʀᴏᴜs ᴇɴᴇᴍʏ ᴏғ ᴏᴜʀ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴏʀᴅᴇʀ’.

$\green {\tt{ɕσนŋt\: ɕศɱıɭɭσ\: ɖε\: ɕศvσนг:-}}$

• ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛ ᴄᴀᴍɪʟʟᴏ ᴅᴇ ᴄᴀᴠᴏᴜʀ ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜɪᴇғ ᴍɪɴɪsᴛᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴘɪᴇᴅᴍᴏɴᴛ. ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs ɴᴇɪᴛʜᴇʀ ᴀ ᴅᴇᴍᴏᴄʀᴀᴛɪᴄ ɴᴏʀ ᴀ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ. ʙᴜᴛ ʜᴇ ʟᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴛᴏ ᴜɴɪғʏ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ɪᴛᴀʟʏ. ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛᴀᴄᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴅɪᴘʟᴏᴍᴀᴄʏ, ʜᴇ ᴇɴᴛᴇʀᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴀɴ ᴀʟʟɪᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ғʀᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ sᴜᴄᴄᴇᴇᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴅᴇғᴇᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴀᴜsᴛʀɪᴀɴ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ɪɴ 1859.

$\pink {\tt{tɧε \:ɢгεεʞ\: шศг \:σʄ\: ıŋɖε℘εŋɖεŋɕε:-}}$

• ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴇᴇᴋ ᴡᴀʀ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ ɪᴛ ᴡᴀs ᴀ 16.sᴜᴄᴄᴇssғᴜʟ ᴡᴀʀ ᴡᴀɢᴇᴅ ʙʏ ɢʀᴇᴇᴋ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀɪᴇs ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ 1821 ᴛᴏ 1832 ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴛᴛᴏᴍᴀɴ ᴇᴍᴘɪʀᴇ. ɢʀᴇᴇᴋ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴛs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ɪɴғʟᴜᴇɴᴄᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴅᴇᴀ ᴏғ ʟɪʙᴇʀᴀʟ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴍ. ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴡᴇʀᴇ sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴇsᴛ ᴇᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀɪᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜɪs ᴡᴀʀ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ. ғᴜʀᴛʜᴇʀ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴏᴇᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀᴛɪsᴛs, ᴡʜᴏ ᴀᴅᴅᴇᴅ ʀᴏᴍᴀɴᴛɪᴄɪsᴍ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴇᴇᴋ sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ, ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄɪᴘᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜɪs ᴡᴀʀ ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴛᴛᴏᴍᴀɴ ᴇᴍᴘɪʀᴇ.

$\orange {\tt{Frɑnkfurt\: ㄗɑrliɑment:-}}$

• ғʀᴀɴᴋғᴜʀᴛ ᴘᴀʀʟɪᴀᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴ ᴍɪᴅᴅʟᴇ ᴄʟᴀss ᴅᴇᴄɪᴅᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴠᴏᴛᴇ ғᴏʀ ᴀɴ ᴀʟʟ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴀssᴇᴍʙʟʏ ɪɴ 1848 ᴀɴᴅ 831 .ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ.

• ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴄᴏᴍᴘʀɪsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴀssᴇᴍʙʟʏ.ᴛʜᴇ ᴀssᴇᴍʙʟʏ ᴅᴇᴄɪᴅᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀʀʟɪᴀᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴀᴛ ғʀᴀɴᴋғᴜʀᴛ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴜʀᴄʜ ᴏғ sᴛ ᴘᴀᴜʟ. ᴛʜᴜs, ᴏɴ 18ᴛʜ ᴍᴀʏ, 1848, ᴛʜᴇ ғᴀᴍᴏᴜs ғʀᴀɴᴋғᴜʀᴛ ᴘᴀʀʟɪᴀᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴡᴀs ᴄᴏɴᴠᴇɴᴇᴅ.

• ᴛʜᴇ ᴀssᴇᴍʙʟʏ ᴅᴇᴄɪᴅᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ʙᴇ ᴀ ᴄᴏɴsᴛɪᴛᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴍᴏɴᴀʀᴄʜʏ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀᴏʟʟᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴘᴀʀʟɪᴀᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏғғᴇʀᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʀᴏᴡɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴜssɪᴀɴ ᴋɪɴɢ, ғʀɪᴇᴅʀɪᴄʜ ᴡɪʟʜᴇʟᴍ ɪᴠ. ʙᴜᴛ ʜᴇ ʀᴇᴊᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ɪᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴊᴏɪɴᴇᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴏɴᴀʀᴄʜs ᴛᴏ ᴏᴘᴘᴏsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ᴀssᴇᴍʙʟʏ.

• ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀʀʟɪᴀᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴀʟsᴏ ғᴀᴄᴇᴅ sᴛʀᴏɴɢ ᴏᴘᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀɪsᴛᴏᴄʀᴀᴄʏ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍɪʟɪᴛᴀʀʏ ᴀs ɪᴛ ᴡᴀs ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍɪᴅᴅʟᴇ-ᴄʟᴀss ᴡʜᴏ ʀᴇsɪsᴛᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅs ᴏғ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇʀs ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀᴛɪsᴀɴs. ᴀs ʀᴇsᴜʟᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs, ᴛʜᴇ ᴍɪᴅᴅʟᴇ-ᴄʟᴀss ʟᴏsᴛ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴍᴀss sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛ.

$\red {\tt{тɦε\: ૨σℓε\: σƒ\: ωσɱεɳ\: เɳ \:ɳαтเσɳαℓเรт \:รт૨µɠɠℓε:-}}$

• ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴏʟᴇ ᴏғ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ɪɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴛ sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇs ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴘʟᴀʏᴇᴅ ᴠᴇʀʏ sɪɢɴɪғɪᴄᴀɴᴛ ʀᴏʟᴇs ɪɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴛ sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇs ᴀʟʟ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ.

• ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄɪᴘᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴍᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs, ғᴀᴄᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴏʀᴛᴜʀᴇs ᴏғ ᴘᴏʟɪᴄᴇ, sᴛᴏᴏᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴍᴀʟᴇ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛᴇʀᴘᴀʀᴛs, sᴘʀᴇᴀᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴅᴇᴀ ᴏғ ʟɪʙᴇʀᴀʟ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʟsᴏ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴍᴇᴍʙᴇʀs ᴏғ ᴠᴀʀɪᴏᴜs ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴀᴛɪᴏɴs.

• ᴀ ɢᴏᴏᴅ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ғʀᴇɴᴄʜ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ, ɪɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴍᴇɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄɪᴘᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴇǫᴜᴀʟʟʏ.ᴇᴠᴇɴ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇᴘᴛ ᴏғ ʟɪʙᴇʀᴛʏ ɪs ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴɪғɪᴇᴅ ᴀs ᴀ ᴡᴏᴍᴀɴ.

• ʟɪʙᴇʀᴀʟ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴍ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴏsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴅᴇᴀ ᴏғ ᴜɴɪᴠᴇʀsᴀʟ sᴜғғʀᴀɢᴇ, ʟᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ’s ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄɪᴘᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟɪsᴛ ᴍᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ɪɴ ᴇᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ. ɪɴ sᴘɪᴛᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs, ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ɢɪᴠᴇɴ ʟɪᴛᴛʟᴇ ᴏʀ ᴀɴs ɴᴏ ᴘᴏʟɪᴛɪᴄᴀʟ ʀɪɢʜᴛs ᴏʀ ʀɪɢʜᴛ ᴛᴏ ᴠᴏᴛᴇ ᴛɪʟʟ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ 19 ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ.

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Answer 2

Question :-

1. Write a Note on

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

b) Count Camilo de Cavour

c) The Greek War of Independence

d) The Frankfurt Parliament

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer :-

a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He

was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for

attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles

and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy

and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

So, Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

b) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement

to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and

educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a

careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in

1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support

from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient

Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public

opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832

recognised Greece as an independent nation.

d) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by a large number of

political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous

artisans. Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. They

drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The

king of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies of parliament and joined other monarchs to

oppose the elected assembly. As it was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of

workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, troops were called in and the

assembly was forced to disband.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a

controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively

over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part

in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of

the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted

only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Hope it helps ❤