a list of the 17th and 18th-century scientists and their important
discoveries.
Answers
1802 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution
1805 – John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (Chemistry)
1820 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers that a current passed through a wire will deflect the needle of a compass, establishing a deep relationship between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetism).
1820 - Michael Faraday and James Stoddart discover alloying iron with chromium produces a stainless steel resistant to oxidising elements (rust).
1821 – Thomas Johann Seebeck is the first to observe a property of semiconductors
1824 – Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine
1824 - Joseph Aspdin develops Portland cement (concrete), by heating ground limestone, clay and gypsum, in a kiln.
1827 – Evariste Galois development of group theory
1827 – Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity)
1827 – Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law)
1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, refuting vitalism
1830 – Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry
1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
1833 – Anselme Payen isolates first enzyme, diastase
1837 - Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine.
1838 – Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells
1838 – Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni)
1842 – Christian Doppler: Doppler effect
1843 – James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy
1846 – Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune
1847 - George Boole: publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining Boolean algebra; refined in his 1854 The Laws of Thought.
1848 – Lord Kelvin: absolute zero
1856 - Robert Forester Mushet develops a process for the decarbonisation, and re-carbonisation of iron, thorough the addition of a calculated quantity of spiegeleisen, to produce cheap, consistently high quality steel.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
1859 – Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of evolution by natural selection
1861 – Louis Pasteur: Germ theory
1861 – John Tyndall: Experiments in Radiant Energy that reinforced the Greenhouse Effect
1864 – James Clerk Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism
1865 – Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics
1865 – Rudolf Clausius: Definition of entropy
1868 - Robert Forester Mushet discovers alloying steel with tungsten produces a harder, more durable alloy.
1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table
1871 – Lord Rayleigh: Diffuse sky radiation (Rayleigh scattering) explains why sky appears blue
1873 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals: was one of the first to postulate an intermolecular force: the van der Waals force.
1873 – Frederick Guthrie discovers thermionic emission.
1873 – Willoughby Smith discovers photoconductivity.
1875 – William Crookes invented the Crookes tube and studied cathode rays
1876 – Josiah Willard Gibbs founded chemical thermodynamics, the phase rule
1877 – Ludwig Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy
1880s - John Hopkinson develops Three-phase electrical supplies, mathematically proves how multiple AC dynamos can be connected in parallel, improves permanent magnets, and dynamo efficiency, by the addition of tungsten, and describes how temperature effects magnetism (Hopkinson effect).
1880 – Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie: Piezoelectricity
1884 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff: discovered the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions (in his work "Etudes de dynamique chimique").
1887 – Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley: lack of evidence for the aether
1888 – Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals
1892 – Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers viruses
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers x-rays
1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity
1896 – Svante Arrhenius derives the basic principles of the greenhouse effect
1897 – J.J. Thomson discovers the electron in cathode rays
1898 – Martinus Beijerinck: concluded a virus infectious—replicating in the host—and thus not a mere toxin and gave it the name "virus"
1898 – J.J. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of an atom