Question

Bacteria with the highest surface area to volume ratio

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Many bacterial species exhibit SA/V homeostasis, changing their size and shape to achieve an SA/V that is set by the ratio of surface synthesis to volume synthesis in a given growth condition.

SA/V homeostasis arises because the rate of surface growth scales with cell volume, and evidence suggests that this scaling is likely due to the biosynthesis of new peptidoglycan (PG) in the cytoplasm setting the rate of surface growth.

Reports in the literature of changes in growth rate and/or PG biosynthesis rate leading to changes in size and shape can be explained in the context of this framework.

The classic exponential ‘growth law’ relationship between cell size and growth rate can be equally well explained as a linear relationship between SA/V and growth rate.

The concentration of PG precursors could be a molecular indicator of whether cells must increase or decrease cellular SA/V.

An immediately observable feature of bacteria is that cell size and shape are remarkably constant and characteristic for a given species in a particular condition, but vary quantitatively with physiological parameters such as growth rate, indicating both genetic and environmental regulation. However, despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial morphogenesis have remained incompletely characterized. We recently demonstrated that a wide range of bacterial species exhibit a robust surface area to volume ratio (SA/V) homeostasis. Because cell size, shape, and SA/V are mathematically interconnected, if SA/V is indeed the natural variable that cells actively monitor, this finding has critical implications for our understanding of bacterial morphogenesis, placing fundamental constraints on the sizes and shapes that cells can adopt. In this Opinion article we discuss the broad implications that this novel perspective has for the field of bacterial growth and morphogenesis.

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