Compounds with sulphur capable of extracting low molecular weight pahs
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Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons containing more than 17000 compounds [1].
Among the constituents of crude oil there is a group of substances called polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are aromatic compounds containing from two to eight
conjugated ring systems. They can have a range of substituents such as alkyl, nitro, and
amino groups in their structure [2]. Nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms can also be
incorporated into their ring system [2,3]. The precursors for PAHs found in crude oil are
natural products, such as steroids, that have been chemically converted to aromatic
hydrocarbons over time [4].
The PAHs that are present in the marine environment in relevant concentrations are
divided into two groups depending on their origin, namely pyrogenic and petrogenic [5].
Pyrogenic PAHs are formed by incomplete combustion of organic material while the
petrogenic PAHs are present in oil and some oil products [4,6,7]. In general the pyrogenic
PAHs are composed of larger ring systems then the petrogenic PAHs. Sources for
pyrogenic PAHs are forest fires [6,7,8], incomplete combustion of fossil fuels [6,7,8], and
tobacco smoke [6,7]. A range of PAHs are naturally present in crude oil [4,9,10] and coal
[10,11] and these compounds are referred to as petrogenic PAHs. In the costal zones PAHs
enters the water primarily from sewage, runoff from roads [12], the smelter industry
[13,14,15] and oil spills [16,17], while offshore PAHs chiefly enter the water through
oil seeps [18], oil spills [16], and produced water discharge from offshore oil installations
Among the constituents of crude oil there is a group of substances called polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are aromatic compounds containing from two to eight
conjugated ring systems. They can have a range of substituents such as alkyl, nitro, and
amino groups in their structure [2]. Nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms can also be
incorporated into their ring system [2,3]. The precursors for PAHs found in crude oil are
natural products, such as steroids, that have been chemically converted to aromatic
hydrocarbons over time [4].
The PAHs that are present in the marine environment in relevant concentrations are
divided into two groups depending on their origin, namely pyrogenic and petrogenic [5].
Pyrogenic PAHs are formed by incomplete combustion of organic material while the
petrogenic PAHs are present in oil and some oil products [4,6,7]. In general the pyrogenic
PAHs are composed of larger ring systems then the petrogenic PAHs. Sources for
pyrogenic PAHs are forest fires [6,7,8], incomplete combustion of fossil fuels [6,7,8], and
tobacco smoke [6,7]. A range of PAHs are naturally present in crude oil [4,9,10] and coal
[10,11] and these compounds are referred to as petrogenic PAHs. In the costal zones PAHs
enters the water primarily from sewage, runoff from roads [12], the smelter industry
[13,14,15] and oil spills [16,17], while offshore PAHs chiefly enter the water through
oil seeps [18], oil spills [16], and produced water discharge from offshore oil installations
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