Question

Constructs of childhood in the context of globalization

Answer 1

Globalization is generally defined as a set of processes and contexts emerging out of the nexus of capitalism, technology, and social change. More specifically, while globalization can be understood as having begun well before the industrial era, globalization tends to be characterized as salient particularly from the 1970s onward. Typified by growing corporate economic power eclipsing that of the nation-state, globalization is often linked in analysis to rising ideologies and practices of neoliberalism. For its part, neoliberalism emphasizes the efforts of the individual, seeks to minimize the role of government, and is particularly critical of efforts to ameliorate systemic social inequalities. The implications for children and childhood have been profound: definitions of children and childhood, enshrined most clearly in the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, now circulate globally. Powerful ideas about proper childhood and child rights are at work, especially in the context of development initiatives and the work of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as UNICEF. Children themselves are also in global circulation through migration, displacement, trafficking, and transnational adoption. As media and technologies from cell phones to television have proliferated, children have become objects and agents of a host of images, apps, and practices that are at once geographically and culturally specific and unified across time and space. In relation to children and childhood, thinking about globalization has tended to focus on education, issues of exploitation (particularly with regard to sex work, trafficking, and war), citizenship/rights, and, to some degree, media and technology. This review focuses on works that explicitly are framed around questions of globalization; in addition, because of the importance of media to discussions of globalization, there is attention paid to film and television by or about children and childhood as well.

Answer 2

HOLA MATE..!!

ANSWER:-

When we speak of children in the field of International Relations, we tend to speak of them as war victims, child soldiers, and child laborers. They have been the bystanders, beneficiaries, or casualties of the changing international order in the post-World War II era. Children inhabit a specific narrative in global society, their image invoking ideas of  innocence, vulnerability, and the need for protection. As a result, children became the symbols of many international institutions devoted to advancing human rights and  democracy around the world in the last few decades of the 20th century, yet they have  been largely absent from the International Relations literature itself.1  I seek in this article to theorize children as a historically important part of state consolidation and international order and as worthy recipients of greater attention in the field   of International Relations. I examine the development of domestic and international law  forbidding the death penalty for child offenders as a point of entry into the history of  children, childhood, and the international system. I argue that the widespread process of  state consolidation that took place in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century — a process whereby the state began to regulate large swaths of civil and private life, including children’s lives — was aided by the development of the ‘global child,’ a figure that required steadily increasing levels of protection by the state and, later, by the international community.

HOPE IT HELPS..!!