Question

cytokines are small molecules that act as signals and cellular pathways

Answer 1

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Cytokines are non-immunoglobulin proteins and glycoproteins produced by a wide variety of cells, in response to any immune stimulus. Cytokines are signaling molecules that send downstream signals to various cells through a number of signal transduction pathways and act further by binding to specific membrane receptors (cytokine receptors) on the cell surface. They are emergency molecules, which are released transiently. Cytokines play an important role in cellular communication. They regulate immunity, inflammation, cell activation, cell migration, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hematopoiesis. However, when released persistently they can produce chronic disease

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