Question

difference between the permanent settlement, ryotwarisystems and the mahalwarisettlement

Answer 1

Development of the Land revenue policy - divided into 4 phases-

1st phase- Initial time during dual govt. in Bengal- collected by the zamindaars and after keeping 10% of the collection, rest was deposited with the company

2nd phase- Izaredari/Farming system(1773)

Introduced by Warren hastingright of collecting revenue of a particular area was auctioned to the highest bidder.The Peasants, shopkeepers and merchants had to pay their taxes to the Izaredar who eventually was also the highest bidder to the company.Hastings first made the assessment from annual to 5 years and then back to annual in 1777.Abolished due to no fix revenue collections

3rd phase- Permanent/Zamindaari system(1793)-

devised by Lord CornwallisZamindaars were regularised as landlord and were given power to evict cultivation.Cultivators(Ryots) became tenants in their own land.The govt. Of east india company were getting 89% of that collected by zamindaar by leaving rest to the zamindaarResulted in a great misery amongst the peasants and farmers.

4th phase-

A) Ryotwaari settlement-

Developed by Thomos Munro in Madras presidencyRyots recognised as land ownerRevenues - direct settled with Ryots50% of net produce as land revenue

B) Mahalwaari settlement

Modified version of zamindaari system by Halt mcanzeSettlement were made state by state or village by village (village community -owner of the land)Area of implementation- Punjab, Awadh, Delhi.

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Answer 2

Zamindari system/ Permanent settlement- Zamindari was made a hereditary right of the zamindars under the Permanent Settlement. They were made the owners of the land and were forced to pay 89% of the total revenue to the British government. Their own share was 11%.

Ryotwari System- This system of land revenue was introduced by Thomas Munro in Madras in 1820. Later it came into effect in Mumbai area. this system established a direct settlement between the government and the ryots, i.e. the cultivators. the revenue was directly collected from the cultivator and it was quite high.

Mahalwari System- It was introduced in 1822 in Gangetic Valley, North-west provinces, central India and Punjab. in this system, a settlement was made collectively, with a group of villages called Mahal. Since the land. the forests and the pastures belonged to the village community, the villages were jointly responsible for the payment of land revenue. it was levied on the produce of Mahal.