Essay on Indus valley civilisation of 400 words
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The Indus Valley Civilisation, or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that thrived along the course of Indus river in North-Western part of Indian subcontinentIt is also referred to as Harappan Civilization owing to the fact that this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the Punjab province Punjab of current day Pakistan.Time Duration of Indus Valley Civilization:As revealed by Radio-Carbon this civilization thrived during 2500-1750 B.C.
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Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that thrived along the course of Indus river in North-Western part of Indian subcontinentIt is also referred to as Harappan Civilization owing to the fact that this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the Punjab province Punjab of current day Pakistan.Time Duration of Indus Valley Civilization:As revealed by Radio-Carbon this civilization thrived during 2500-1750 B.C.
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More than 4,000 years ago there flourished in the north-western parts of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent a civilization which, deriving its name from the main river of the region is known as the Indus civilization.
In fact, however, it extended far beyond the limits of that valley-from Sutkagen-dor, on the sea-board of south Baluchistan, in the west to Alamgirpur, in the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab in Uttar Pradesh, in the east; and from Ropar, almost impinging upon the sub-Himalayan foot-hills, in the north to Bhagatrav, on the estuary of the Kim, a small river between the Narmada and Tapti, in the south.
In other words from west to east the Indus civilization covered an area of 6oo kilometres, and from north to south of 100 kilometres, and it will not be surprising if future discoveries widen the horizons still further. This is an area much greater than that occupied jointly by the contemporary civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. And throughout the region a notably high standard of living was reached which is reflected in almost every walk of life.
The first thing that strikes a visitor to an Indus site-be it Harappa or Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan or Kalibangan, Lothal, or Surkotada in India-is the town-planning. One finds the streets and lanes laid out according to a set plan: the main streets running from north to south and the cross-streets and lines running at right angles to them.
At Kalibangan, among the north- South streets there was a principal one, 7-20 metres wide, while the other north-south streets were three-quarters of its width the cross-streets and were, once again, half or a quarter of the width of the narrower streets from north to south. Such typical and minutely planned residential areas, often called the ' lower towns', were themselves only a part of the entire settlement complex.
For at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, and Surkotada, there was a 'citadel', smaller in area than the 'lower town' and invariably located to the west of it. At Lothal, although no 'citadel' as such has been found, a similar conception seems to have existed, for the more important structures rested in a group on a high mud-brick platform.
In marked contrast might be cited the contemporary example of Ur in Mesopotamia, where there was no rigorous planning of this kind, and the main street wandering and curving as it wished.
Both at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro the houses were made of kiln-burnt bricks. At Kalibangan and Lothal too, although mud bricks were used for most of the residential houses, kiln-burnt bricks in large quantities were used for drains, wells, and bathing-platforms, and in particular for the dockyard at the latter site (below, p. 14). Such bricks were rare in contemporary Mesopotamia or Egypt.
At Mohenjo-daro and Kalibangan, where large; areas have been excavated, an average house consisted of a courtyard around which were situated four to six living-rooms, besides a bathroom and a kitchen. Larger houses, however, might have up to thirty rooms, and the presence of staircases in many of them indicates a second storey.
For the supply of fresh water, most of the houses had their own wells, and in addition, there were public wells. Sullage-water was discharged through well-covered street- drains made of kiln-burnt bricks. At intervals they were provided with manholes for clearance.
In fact, however, it extended far beyond the limits of that valley-from Sutkagen-dor, on the sea-board of south Baluchistan, in the west to Alamgirpur, in the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab in Uttar Pradesh, in the east; and from Ropar, almost impinging upon the sub-Himalayan foot-hills, in the north to Bhagatrav, on the estuary of the Kim, a small river between the Narmada and Tapti, in the south.
In other words from west to east the Indus civilization covered an area of 6oo kilometres, and from north to south of 100 kilometres, and it will not be surprising if future discoveries widen the horizons still further. This is an area much greater than that occupied jointly by the contemporary civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. And throughout the region a notably high standard of living was reached which is reflected in almost every walk of life.
The first thing that strikes a visitor to an Indus site-be it Harappa or Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan or Kalibangan, Lothal, or Surkotada in India-is the town-planning. One finds the streets and lanes laid out according to a set plan: the main streets running from north to south and the cross-streets and lines running at right angles to them.
At Kalibangan, among the north- South streets there was a principal one, 7-20 metres wide, while the other north-south streets were three-quarters of its width the cross-streets and were, once again, half or a quarter of the width of the narrower streets from north to south. Such typical and minutely planned residential areas, often called the ' lower towns', were themselves only a part of the entire settlement complex.
For at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, and Surkotada, there was a 'citadel', smaller in area than the 'lower town' and invariably located to the west of it. At Lothal, although no 'citadel' as such has been found, a similar conception seems to have existed, for the more important structures rested in a group on a high mud-brick platform.
In marked contrast might be cited the contemporary example of Ur in Mesopotamia, where there was no rigorous planning of this kind, and the main street wandering and curving as it wished.
Both at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro the houses were made of kiln-burnt bricks. At Kalibangan and Lothal too, although mud bricks were used for most of the residential houses, kiln-burnt bricks in large quantities were used for drains, wells, and bathing-platforms, and in particular for the dockyard at the latter site (below, p. 14). Such bricks were rare in contemporary Mesopotamia or Egypt.
At Mohenjo-daro and Kalibangan, where large; areas have been excavated, an average house consisted of a courtyard around which were situated four to six living-rooms, besides a bathroom and a kitchen. Larger houses, however, might have up to thirty rooms, and the presence of staircases in many of them indicates a second storey.
For the supply of fresh water, most of the houses had their own wells, and in addition, there were public wells. Sullage-water was discharged through well-covered street- drains made of kiln-burnt bricks. At intervals they were provided with manholes for clearance.
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