Explain Laplace molecular theory (long answers).
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Consider three molecules A, B & C of the liquid. A sphere of influence is drawn as shown in fig.The sphere of influence of molecule ‘A’ is completely inside the liquid, so it is equally attracted in all directions by the other molecules lying within its sphere. Hence the resultant force acting on it is zero. The part of the sphere of influence of molecule ‘B’ lies outside the liquid & the major part lie inside the liquid. Therefore resultant force acting on it is directed downward. For Molecule ‘C’ half of its sphere of influence lies inside the liquid and half lies outside the liquid. So, the maximum resultant downward force is acting on molecule ‘C’ Thus molecule A experiences zero resultant force, B experience downward resultant force, C experience more downward resultant force. In short molecules below imaginary line PQ experience zero resultant force and molecules about line PQ experience some or more downward resultant force. Thus molecules which lie on the surface of liquid (surface film) experience downward resultant force and are being pulled inside the liquid. To balance this downward force, molecules come closer to each other. This reduces the surface area of liquid. This gives rise to surface tension. It is the contraction force which decreases the surface area of the liquid.
⏺️Definition:- It is defined as property of liquid by virtue of which the surface of liquid is under constant tension due to the tendency to contract and occupy minimum surface area.
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Answer:
Laplace molecular theory, also known as the kinetic theory of gases, is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics that explains the behaviour of gases based on the motion of their constituent molecules. The theory was developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace and was further refined by several other scientists, including James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.
The theory begins with the assumption that gases are made up of tiny particles called molecules, which are in constant random motion. These molecules are assumed to be perfectly elastic and to interact with each other only through brief, short-range collisions. These collisions are considered to be perfectly elastic, meaning that they do not result in any loss of energy, and the molecules can continue moving after the collision.
The behaviour of gases is explained in terms of the average motion of these molecules. The theory assumes that the motion of the molecules is governed by the laws of classical mechanics and that the molecules move in straight lines until they collide either with the sides of their container or each other. The frequency and speed of these collisions determine the macroscopic properties of the gas, such as its pressure, volume, and temperature.
- One of the key predictions of the Laplace molecular theory is that the pressure of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. This can be explained by considering the collisions between the molecules and the walls of the container. When a molecule collides with the wall, it exerts a force on the wall, which contributes to the overall pressure of the gas. The faster the molecules are moving, the more force they will exert on the walls, and the higher the pressure of the gas will be.
- The theory also predicts that the temperature of a gas is related to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. Heat causes a gas's molecules to acquire kinetic energy and accelerate. This leads to an increase in the pressure of the gas, as well as an increase in its volume.
- Another important prediction of the Laplace molecular theory is that gases will tend to diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This can be explained by considering the random motion of the molecules. As the molecules move around, they will tend to spread out and become evenly distributed throughout the available space.
So, the Laplace molecular theory provides a powerful framework for understanding the behaviour of gases based on the motion of their constituent molecules. It has applications in a wide range of fields, from engineering and physics to chemistry and biology, and has been instrumental in the development of modern technologies such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and combustion engines.
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