Question

Explain the cognitive development theory of Piaget and vygotsky based on the observation of children in your surroundings?
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Answer 1

Piaget’s believed that one’s childhood plays a vital and active role in a person’s development. "Vygotsky's" argues that "cognitive abilities" are socially guided & constructed

Explanation:

Piaget

"Cognitive development" in Piaget was a progressive reorganisation of environmental experience &  biological maturation. He assumed that children develop an awareness of the world around them, observe divergences from what they learn & what they see within their environment & adapt their "ideas" accordingly. Piaget proposed four cognitive development stages:

1. The "sensorimotor stage" is the first step of cognitive development that "extends from birth" to language learning." Throughout this stage , children slowly develop awareness & comprehension of the world, combining observations (such as seeing & hearing) with mechanics (such as stepping, grasping) encounters with objects. Children learn world knowledge by their physical acts. They go from the representation of instinctual behavior at birth to the start of symbolic thinking to the end
2. The second stage, Piaget's preoperative process, begins when the infant learns to talk at the age of 2 & ends at the age of 7. During this process , children often do not comprehend logical thinking & do not control information mentally. During this point, children's play and pretensions increase. The child always has difficulties, though, viewing things from various viewpoints. The children's activity is mainly split between manipulating symbols & symbolic play. Symbolic play is where children develop roleplay with friends or imaginary friends. Ego centerism happens where a child cannot distinguish between one's own viewpoint  and others viewpoints. They tend to stick only to their own viewpoints. There is an also an emergence in the "interest of reasoning" & "wanting to know" why things are the "way they are" (intutive substage).
3. Piaget 's principle of operational growth is the third level in activities. This period, after the pre-operative period, takes place between 7 and 11 years of age (pre-adolescence) and is characterised by the correct use of reasoning. At this point the processes of thought of a child are "adult" and more normal. Through a more "logical way", they continue addressing problems. In the children hypothetical thinking, abstract thought is still not established and questions can only be solved with real situations and objects.
4. The final stage is the "formal operational stage" (adolescence, maturity, ages 11-15-20): the "logical use" of words in reference to "abstract concepts" reveals intelligence. Such mode of thought involves "hypothesis which has no essential connection to reality". The individual is now able to think hypothetically and deductively. Through this process , people establish "abstract concepts" in their mind.

Vygotsky

The central point of Vygotsky's theory is that children's cognitive development is facilitated by "social interaction" with other people, especially those with more experience/skills. In other terms, Vygotsky claimed that social learning takes priority over cognitive development & children actively construct knowledge:

• The Vygotsky definition of "Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)" referring to children's learning is most well recognised. According to the Vygotsky, children in a zone of "proximal development "may almost for any specific can  task accomplish this task almost independently, but not yet. They need any assistance to successfully accomplish the mission.
• Vygotsky's "cognitive development theory" organizes the latest information acquired in their "existing mental schemas", when children are instructed or demonstrated how to execute those functions .. This information is used as a reference/guide about how such activities should be carried out and ultimately children learn to independently perform them ...
• Vygotsky's "socio-cultural theory" emphasises that children learn & benefit "through" "social interaction" with others who are more experienced at the activities they are attempting to understand & participate. Vygotsky called "others" "most knowledgeable other" (MKO)" having  "higher skill levels". They could be parents, teachers, tutors & even peers.
• Vygotsky’s  "scaffolding theory" "entails", changing quantity & qualtity of assistance "provided" to a child in a teaching course . The MKO adapts the guidance level to suit the current performance levels of the student

To know more

Difference between piaget and vygotsky theories of learning ...

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