Explain The Making of Nationalism in Europe.
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The Making of Nationalism in Europe
At that time many of present day European countries were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Even in same territories, they spoke different laguages and/or even belonged to different ethnic groups. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class:
Aristrocracy, numerically small yet powerful, were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They spoke French in high society and diplomacy and often were connected by ties of marriage.
Liberal Nationalism:
Due to industrialisation, new social groups emerged made of working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. For these middle class members, idealogy of nationalism was related to ideas of liberalism. According to them, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Only in Jacobin period did all men enjoy suffrage, the Napoleonic code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor.
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
A New Conservatism after 1815:
After napoleon's defeat 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Modernisation could make state power more effective and strong and strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe through :
A modern army,
an efficient bureaucracy,
a dynamic economy,
the abolition of feudalism and serfdom
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. New kingdoms like Netherland were set up around France, it's territories seized and resdstributed. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic, imposed censorship laws etc
The Revolutionaries:
The fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies were formed. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Explanation:
♢ ♢ Here is a detailed explanation of Nationalism in Europe
☆☆ ) Nationalism refer to the devotion for one's own Nations interest over those of all other nations.
♤♤ In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent,transforming it's countries.
☆☆☆Some newly formed countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional States with a common ''national identify '' .
♧♧♧The French Revolution paved the way for the modern nation state and also played a key role in the birth of nationalism across Europe.
Feeling of nationalism hence spread all over the europe