Explain the role of Antigen in regulation of immune response.
Answers
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➡️The vaccine is made from an antigen isolated or produced from the disease-causing microorganism. The vaccine is injected into the blood stream. The B cells in the blood stream respond to the antigen by producing antibodies. The antibodies bind to the antigen to "neutralize"or inactivate it. In addition, memory cells are produced and remain ready to mount a quick protective immune response against subsequent infection with the same disease causing agent.
➡️an·ti·gen=A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. Antigens are macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body
➡️White blood cells =(a.k.a. leukocytes or immune cells) are cells which form a component of the blood. They are produced in the bone marrow and help to defend the body against infectious disease and foreign materials as part of the immune system. There are normally between 4x109 and 11x109 white blood cells in a litre of healthy adult blood - about 7,000 to 25,000 white blood cells per drop. In conditions such as leukemia this may rise to as many as 50,000 white blood cells in a single drop of blood. As well as in the blood, white cells are also found in large numbers in the lymphatic system, the spleen, and in other body tissues
➡️role of white blood cells=Whenever a germ or infection enters the body, the white blood cells snap to attention and race toward the scene of the crime. The white blood cells are continually on the lookout for signs of disease. When a germ does appear, the white blood cells have a variety of ways by which they can attack. Some will produce protective antibodies that will overpower the germ. Others will surround and devour the bacteria.
The white blood cells have a rather short life cycle, living from a few days to a few weeks. A drop of blood can contain anywhere from 7 000 to 25 000 white blood cells at a time. If an invading infection fights back and persists, that number will significantly increase.
A consistently high number of white blood cells is a symptom of Leukemia, a cancer of the blood. A Leukemia patient may have as many as 50 000 white blood cells in a single drop of blood.
➡️role of vaccines=Vaccine-induced immunity results after you receive a vaccine. The vaccine triggers your immune system's infection-fighting ability and memory without exposure to the actual disease-producing germs. A vaccine contains a killed or weakened form or derivative of the infectious germ. When given to a healthy person, the vaccine triggers an immune response. The vaccine makes your body think that it's being invaded by a specific organism, and your immune system goes to work to destroy the invader and prevent it from infecting you again.
➡️If you're exposed to a disease for which you've been vaccinated, the invading germs are met by antibodies that will destroy them. The immunity you develop following vaccination is similar to the immunity acquired from natural infection.
➡️Several doses of a vaccine may be needed for a full immune response. Some people fail to achieve full immunity to the first doses of a vaccine but respond to later doses. In addition, the immunity provided by some vaccines, such as tetanus and pertussis, isn't lifelong. Because the immune response may decrease over time, you may need another dose of a vaccine (booster shot) to restore or increase your immunity
➡️Live weakened vaccines. Some vaccines, such as those for measles, mumps, and chickenpox (varicella), use live viruses that have been weakened (attenuated). This type of vaccine results in a strong antibody response, sometimes making only one dose necessary to establish lifelong immunity.
Inactivated vaccines. Other vaccines use killed (inactivated) bacteria or viruses. The inactivated polio vaccine is made this way. These vaccines are generally safer than live vaccines because the disease organisms can't mutate back into a disease-causing state once they've been killed.
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