Flow charts of mineral and energy resources class 10, geography
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What is a Mineral?
Mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals.
Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.
The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents also forms the minerals.
Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.
Classification of Minerals
Classification of Minerals
Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.
Iron Ore
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It contains 50 to 60% iron.
The major iron ore belts in India are:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
Maharashtra-Goa belt
Manganese
It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
Non-Ferrous Minerals
Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. These minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.
Copper
Malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and electricity.
Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.
Bauxite
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good conductivity and great malleability.
Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
Mica is the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
Rock Minerals
Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Conservation of Minerals
Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes thousands of years for the formation and concentration of minerals. Continued extraction of ores leads to the depletion of minerals. So, it’s important to take the necessary steps so that mineral resources can be used in a planned and sustainable manner.
Energy Resources
Energy resources can be classified as
Conventional Sources: It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
Non-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy
Let us discuss each of them in detail.
Conventional Sources of Energy
Coal:
It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry as well as for domestic needs.
Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal.
Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.
Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields.
Petroleum
It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is considered an environment-friendly fuel.
The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to replace liquid fuels.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin
Electricity
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