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Answer:
answer for the text question
The battery pumps electrons away from the anode (making it positive) and into the cathode (making it negative). The positive anode attracts anions toward it, while the negative cathode attracts cations toward it.
The cathode is the negative electrode; it attracts the positively charged ions. Metal ions are always positive and so the lead ions flow through the metal uhe negatively charged terminal of the battery and onto the lead ions. Some trick to remember cations and anions, cathodes and anodes.
Answer for the question in the picture
Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solutions (brine) produces chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) -----> H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)
Cl2(g) is produced at the anode (positive electrode).
H2(g) and NaOH(aq) are produced at the cathode (negative electrode).
At cathode:
Sodium ions and hydrogen ions (from the water) are attracted to the negative cathode. It is much easier for a hydrogen ion to pick up an electron than for a sodium ion. So this reaction is:
2H+ + 2e -------------> H2(g)
As the hydrogen ions are converted into hydrogen gas, the water equilibrium tips to the right to replace them.
Equilibrium shifts to produce more hydroxide ions as H+ ions are removed during hydrolysis. The net effect of this is that there is formation of sodium ions and hydroxide ions around the cathode, i.e formation of sodium hydroxide solution around the cathode.
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