Question

give reason : the system of Chola administration was highly organised​

please tell the answer..............

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The Chola administration is considered as one of the highly organised one during it`s time.

The kingdom had three major administrative units namely

• Central Government,
• Provincial government
• Local government.

The King headed the administration unit. According to the Chola kingship, which was hereditary in structure the eldest son was always given the chance to succeed the throne. The council of ministers was assigned to assist king. Siruntaram were regarded as the lower officials while the higher ones were called Peruntaram.

The entire kingdom was divided into nine provinces which was known as Mandalams.  Viceroy was appointed for each province who were under the direct order of the king.  Every mandalam was divided into number of Valanadus or Kottams which was later sub-divided into Nadu. Each Nadu was later divided into villages referred as Urs.

Nattar headed the Nadu, whereas the Nattavi were referred as Council of Nadu. The administration of the village was vested upon to the village assembly called Grama Sabha, which was considered as the lowest unit of the administration. The Sabha was to look into the maintenance of roads, temples, tanks and public ponds. and was also given the charge to collect taxes due from the villages.

The Variyams, the male members carried out the village administration. Variyams were of different types such as  Niyaya variyam who looked into the the administration of justice while Dharma variyan looked into the affairs of temples, Pon variyams controlled the finance.

Hope this helps.

Answer 2

The government and administration of Chola was very organized and effectual. Unlike the Chalukayas, the Rashtrakutas and the Hoysalas, the cholas were able to disregard their feudatory actions substantially.

EXPLANATION:

• The Chola political system was the only system that maintained wide-ranging communication with farmers and preserved central organized government characteristics. The king was the symbol of the entire state machinery. All power lay in his hands, but he had the ministers'council to give him advice. Often the kings went on tours to keep the administration in touch with each other. Efficient officers of various ranks were part of a highly organized administration. Higher officials were known as  Parundam, and lower officers were called Shirudanam
• The officers' posts were hereditary and the civil and military officials hardly differed. Instead of cash for their services, officials were granted lands. We discovered from the inscriptions in Chola that the attendance of all the officers was mandatory when the king made some announcement. The Chola had organized a powerful army both to extend and defend its borders. In addition to Yuvaraja and General, the King led the military in the time of war
• The Empire of Chola was broken up into the six Mandalam provinces. Each mandalam was divided into Kottams or Valanadu or districts. They were separated into Nadus or districts by every Kottam. These were subdivided into a number of Tehsils and village associations known as Kurrams, with each kurram consisting of five villages.
• Sometimes a very large village was administered as a single unit and it was known as a taniyur. A vice king who typically belonged to the king's family or otherwise was a trusted man of the ruler brought a mandalam or province into charge.
• Other sources of income in addition to land tax included flat tax, customs duties, duties, custody and cuss for water, wood tax, marriage tax and mining taxes. Almost every conceivable revenue source has been used by the government to fill its boxes.  But, rather than for personal comfort, the Chola leaders spent much of their income on the welfare of their subjects.
• Officials did not interfere with the free life of the people from time to time, and the king personally went tours. Money was spent on constructing temples, bridges, networks, and other public utilities in a liberal way. They were particularly keen to provide farmers with irrigation systems.
• Justice was primarily a local issue. In the field of justice, the village assemblies had great powers. We have recorded in Chola inscriptions the references to Dharmasana and Dharmasasana Bhatta. Dharmasana was intended for the monarch's court
• The village was a regional administrative unit, with a very different type of village administration. In the periods in which Chola officers were more interested as supporters and observers than as administrators the degree of autonomy at the level of the village was remarkable.
• The government's policy of Chola was more or less based on democratic principles and the majority of operations were carried out by popular assemblies. Four forms were the most important assemblies. The Natytar was a whole district or Nadu assembly and agreed on all the unit cases. Nagarattar was a trade and trading assembly.
• Ur was the village's general assembly. The most popular assembly  of the village were Sabha or Mahasabha where only the selected few participated and the village elders conducted a regular procedure. It has had a strong authority in rural areas administration
• The Cholas didn't believe in central government but had permitted large powers to their local units on the other hand. The kurrams or unions of the villages and villages were governed by themselves and were not affected by central politics  
• Variyam was named the pattern of Chola committees. In the Cholamandalam, Ur, Sabha or Mahasabha and Nagaram there were three types of municipal assemblies. The Ur was made up of taxpayers from a growing village. The Sabha had been confined to the Brahman. However, Nagaram was more commonly found in commercial centres. Since then, it has almost fully addressed merchant interests. The Ur and the Sabha are found together in several villages. Very large villages had two urns, because it worked more conveniently .

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