give the development stages in plants from seed germination to harvesting
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Answer:
First Stage – Seed Germination
The plant’s life cycle starts with germination of the seed. All you need is water, oxygen, and the right temperature for the seed to germinate. How about light? Well, most seeds are not affected by light or darkness, but some seeds will not germinate until they see sufficient light.
As the right temperature is reached, and water is provided, the seed will germinate. When a dry seed uptakes water, we call it imbibition. Imbibition means to drink; seeds imbibe water.
This process is so similar to a dry sponge exposed to water. As the sponge absorbs water, it grows in size. The color of the sponge becomes more vivant and becomes heavier. Seeds do the same.
Right temperature for germination
Most common annual vegetables have optimal germination temperatures between 75-89 F (24-32 C). Some species like radishes or spinach can germinate at significantly lower temperatures, as low as 40 F (4 C).
Swelling to grow
As the seed drinks water, it expands while enzymes and food supplies in the seed become hydrated. The seed is now activated and starts to go to work. The increased metabolic activity provides energy for the growth process. In addition, the water causes turgor pressure to increase in the cells.
Turgor pressure is the outward pressure that occurs in a plant cell when the seed’s cytoplasm and vacuoles fill up with water, and the cell membrane pushes against the cell walls. These guys swell up like water balloons in cells of the seed.
Time to make roots
Roots start to emerge from the seed. This activity is the first indication that the seed is viable and will grow. Eventually, the plant shoot, top of the plant, will sprout out and emerge from the seed.
Attached to the shoot are tiny leaves. Once these leaves begin to manufacture food, the plant will grow and enter the seedling stage.
Plant will now develop its first set of true leaves and roots.
The root growth that takes place at this time is crucial to how fast the plant will grow. Providing the ideal environment for the roots will ensure that your crop will have a chance to flourish.
What about the darkness?
If germination occurs in darkness, root growth slows after the shoot emerges and shoot elongation accelerates. This behavior occurs because the seed thinks it’s still covered with soil and needs to emerge from soil to see the light where it can obtain energy from the sunlight by photosynthesis. Once it is in the light, the plant undergoes dramatic changes like turning green and producing leaves. This transformation with the light is called photo-morphogenesis.
Second Stage – Vegetative and Growth
Now that the root system can support growth, the vegetative stage begins. Plant nutrient requirements call for a large amount of nitrogen for the production of chlorophyll. Growth during this stage is primarily dedicated to stem, branch, and leaf areas.
The most substantial growth over the life cycle of the plant occurs in the vegetative stage and will continue unless hindered by a change in environment or lack of water and nutrients.
Third Stage – Reproductive, Flowering and Fruit
The final stage of the plant growth is the reproductive stage. Since the objective is now to reproduce, the plant’s energies are directed to the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Nitrogen is no longer the main nutrient the plant needs. We now need to boost up other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium (P-K). This is all due to a slowing down of plant growth.
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