Question

Give the names of three layers of pericarp of a fleshy fruit.

Answer 1

Answer:

The corolla

The petals composing the corolla are typically brightly coloured or white and attract insects and birds for pollination (see below Reproduction: Pollination). The number of petals is usually the same as the number of sepals. Floral symmetry is defined by the petals (Figure 13). When the petals of the corolla are of the same size and shape and when they are equidistant from each other, the flower has radial symmetry, and the flower is called regular or actinomorphic (e.g., buttercup, Ranunculus; Ranunculaceae). In regular flowers, any line drawn through the centre will divide the flower into two identical halves. When at least one petal of the corolla is different, the flower has bilateral symmetry and is called irregular or zygomorphic (e.g., violets, Viola; Violaceae [see photograph]).

The petals of the corolla may be separate, or apopetalous, or marginally fused (fusion of like floral parts is called connation), or sympetalous, for all or part of their length. When joined, they form a tubular corolla with terminal lobes (see photograph). A tubular corolla may be present in regular flowers (e.g., blueberries, Vaccinium; Ericaceae) or irregular flowers (e.g., sage, Salvia officinalis; Lamiaceae). Stamens are commonly united to a tubular corolla (fusion of two unlike floral parts is called adnation). A marginally fused (synsepalous) calyx, a marginally fused (sympetalous) corolla, and stamens may fuse to form a cuplike floral tube called a hypanthium that surrounds the carpels, as in cherries (Prunus; Rosaceae), for example. Fusion and reduction of flower parts are common and have occurred in many unrelated lineages. Many wind-pollinated angiosperms do not have petals, nor do they have floral parts modified as petals; examples of wind-pollinated species include the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and the birch family (Betulaceae).

The petals of the delicate flower of Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper, or trumpet vine) form a corolla tube with five spreading lobes. A shortened calyx tube covers the base of the flower.

The petals of the delicate flower of Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper, or trumpet vine) form a corolla tube with five spreading lobes. A shortened calyx tube covers the base of the flower.

© Robert and Linda Mitchell

Petals often bear nectaries that secrete sugar-containing compounds, and petals also produce fragrances to attract pollinators; the fragrance of a rose (Rosa; Rosaceae) is derived from the petals. Petals often develop a nectar-containing extension of the tubular corolla, called a spur. This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur (Delphinium), or all the petals, as in columbine (Aquilegia), both members of the family Ranunculaceae.

The androecium

Stamens (microsporophylls) are structures that produce pollen in terminal saclike structures (microsporangia) called anthers. The number of stamens comprised by the androecium is sometimes the same as the number of petals, but often the stamens are more numerous or fewer in number than the petals. There are generally two pairs of spore-containing sacs (microsporangia) in a young stamen; during maturation the partition between the adjacent microsporangia of a pair breaks down so that there are only two pollen-containing sacs (one in each lobe of the anther) at the time the stamen releases the pollen.

Answer 2

The three layers of pericarp of a fleshy fruit:

The pericarp is the outer layer of the fruit that is actually produced from the layer of the ovary. The ovary matures to produce fruit, which has three layers:

1. Outer epicarp – Epicarp is layer which is outermost layer of  Pericarp. It is produced by outermost layer of the ovary.
2. Middle mesocarp – Mesocarp is middle layer of Pericarp. In fruits like mango, this is the edible fleshy layer of  fruit.
3. Inner endocarp – Endocarp is innermost layer of Pericarp and often fused with ovule walls. The innermost layer endocarp is often fibrous and tough.