Glycerol and its preparation and its chemical reaction
Answers
What is Glycerol?
Let's think about some products we always use, like soap or shaving cream. Have you ever wondered what component of soap makes it slippery? For the shaving cream, what ingredient in it is responsible for softening your skin? The answer is that both these products have a chemical compound called glycerol.
Glycerol, also referred to as glycerin or glycerine, is a chemical compound that is a generally nontoxic, sweet-tasting viscous liquid. When we say viscous, this term means that the substance is a liquid with a thick and sticky consistency. The formula for glycerol is C3H8O3. It has 3 carbon (C) atoms, 8 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 3 oxygen (O) atoms. In this image, you can see the appearance of glycerol and its chemical formula and structure.
The chemical structure of glycerol shows that each carbon atom is bonded to an -OH group. These -OH groups are what we call hydroxyl groups. Because of this, glycerol is classified as a polyol, which is an alcohol containing more than one hydroxyl group. Glycerol is soluble in water because of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to the carbon atoms. These hydroxyl groups are also responsible for the hygroscopic nature of glycerol, which means that it readily retains or takes up water.
The density of glycerol is 1.261 g/ml. Its boiling point is 290 degrees Celsius, and its melting point is 17.8 degrees Celsius. These values show that glycerol is denser than water (because water has a density of 1 g/mL), its boiling point is higher than water (water has a boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius), and its melting point is higher than water (water has a melting point of 0 degrees Celsius).
How Is Glycerol Made / Formation ??
Glycerol is fundamental to the soap-making process.
Glycerol is a versatile compound used to make soap, lotion, nitroglycerin, preservatives and lubricants. Understanding the structure of glycerol is key to understanding the many processes by which it can be made.
Structure
Glycerol, also known as glycerin or glycerine, is a three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxy (oxygen and hydrogen) groups attached. In nature glycerol exists as the backbone of fatty acid esters which contain three fatty acid molecules in place of the three hydroxy groups.
Natural Production
When fatty acid esters are combined with lye to make soap, glycerol is a by-product which can be separated from the soap. Other long-used processes for making glycerol include high-pressure splitting of fatty acid esters and transesterification. More recently, glycerol has been obtained as a by-product of biodiesel production.
Synthetic Production
Glycerol can also be made from propene, or propylene, a three-carbon petrochemical compound with double bonds. The three needed hydroxy groups are added to the three-carbon chain. Synthetic production increased relative to natural production during the second half of the twentieth century.
Chemical reaction of glycerol
Glycerol heated to 135" to 140" C with an excess of hydriodic acid is reduced to isopropyl iodide. This reaction is the basis of the Zeisel-Fanto analytical method for determining glycerol (1, pg. 216). The esters of glycerol are the commonest and most diverse group of glycerol derivatives.
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