Question

hey friends give me some information about the chapter hydrocarbons of 11 class it's very urgent friends please help me

Answer 1

✴✴ HYDROCARBONS ✴✴.

☛ HYDROCARBONS are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen only. Hudrocarbons are mainly obtained from coal and petroleum, which are the major SOURCES OF ENERGY. PETROCHEMICALS are the peominent starting materials used for the manufacture of a large number of commercially important products. LPG ( liquifed petroleum gas) and CNG ( compressed natural gas ), the main sources of energy for domestic fuels and the automobile industry, are obtained from petroleum. Hydrocarbons are classified as OPEN CHAIN SATURATED (alkanes) and UNSATURATED ( alkenes and alkynes ), cyclic (alicyclic ) and AROMATIC, according to their structure.
☛ The impprtant reactions of alkenes are Free Radical Substitution, Combustion, Oxidation and Aromatization. Alkenes and Alkyenes undergo addition reactions, which are mainly Electrophillic Additions. Aromatic hydrocarbons, despite having unsaturation, undergo mainly electrophillic substitution reaction. These undergo addition reactions only under special conditions.
☛ Alkanes show confirmational isomerism due to free rotation along the C-C sigma bonds. Out of staggered and the eclipsed conformations of ethane, staggered conformation is more stable as hydrogen atoms are farthest apart. Alkenes exhibit GEOMETRICAL (CIS-TRANS) ISOMERISM due to restricted rotation around the carbon- carbon double bond.
☛ BENZENE and BENZENOID compounds show aromatic character. Aromatically, the property of being aromatic is possessed by the compounds having specific electronic structure characterised by Huckel [4n + 2]pie electron rule. The nature of groups or substituents attached to benzene ring is responsible for activation or deactivation of the benzene ring towards further electrophilic subtitution and also for orientation of the incoming group. Some of the polynuclear hydrocarbons having fused benzene ring system have carcinogenic property.


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☞ ⛧⛧ Mr. Thakur ⛧⛧