Question

How do surgical procedures prevent contraception in humans?

Answer 1

Answer :

There are several methods of contraception. Among them the most effective one is Surgical method.
Surgical methods are of two types -
(a) Tubectomy.
(b) Vasectomy.

(a) Tubectomy - It's a surgical procedure in which the both fallopian tube (oviduct) of female are cut and tied. Women willing to avoid pregnancy or consecutive child birth are likely to go for this treatment. Only in Rare desired cases the tubes can be joined for achieving fertilisation again in a specified reproductive age in male and females. Finalising results are nevertheless successful, it is optional and should be decided before the surgical procedure has been started. Internal Organs are going to get affected due to abdominal procedures, hence, making a risk of bleeding from a incisive method of rupturing skin and entering for cutting the two tubes will increase the risk of internal bleeding. Infections can occur. Mild slide effects from local anaesthetic application. Side effects might also include joining of the tubes and resulting in unwanted pregnancy. If a proper distance is not maintained the fallopian tubes will join again to form a passage resulting in pregnancy. Ectopic Pregnancy might result from it, which is the implantation outside the uterus or in the oviducts. Happens due to tubal sterilisation. A patient with a series of medical history might make it complicated, suffering from Diabetes Mellitus, pelvic injuries and pelvic inflammations, lung problems, overweight and obese.

(b) Vasectomy - It's a surgical procedure in which vas deference of male are cut and tied. After the completion of surgery Vasectomy can induce some painful side effects, these can include haematoma in the scrotal sac. Making a cloth inside the blood vessels. Clot is made inside it. Because of this it is accompanied by blood in the seminal fluid and makes a bruise in the scrotal sac. Further makes the site where the surgery was performed in the surroundings infected and might make case more worse with sexually transmitted diseases. Producing a mild pain and uncomfortableness in the scrotal region. Swelling is therfore the final small side effect accompanied by numbness. If not treated in time. This leads to increased pain. This is regarded as chronic pain.Ejaculation is affected due to a fluid build up. Testicular regions which are affected by the building up of fluid makes the case more wrong than expected, producing a dull effect and a ache in scrotal sac. Granuloma is the main output of it causing further inflammation when sperm is leaked in excess. Formation of cysts more terminologically "spermatocle" will be collected into upper testicle into epididymis where the sperm is transporters and collected. Chance of Pregnancy may "fail" but, the cases are very rare. Hydrocele or a sac containing fluid mixtures develop in the surrounding testicular regions causing pain and swelling in the scrotal sac. Concerns, like, it will affect your sexual drive, will damage our gonads, might make cells cancerous, risk of heart failure and/or disease and causes more pain, are likely not to happen or fake.

Both the procedures may be reversible.

Besides surgical method other methods of contraception are -

✓ Barrier Method - In this method either male or female wears Condom on their copulatory organ during sexual intercourse which prevents pregnancy.
Condoms are also used to prevent Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs).

✓ Pills - there are number of contraceptive pills are available which can be used to prevent pregnancy. Like - Saheli, Mala D, Unwanted 72 etc...

✓ Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) - there are many IUDs are available which can be placed inside female reproductive organs to prevent pregnancy non surgically. Like - Copper-T etc..

✓ Natural Method - By avoiding sexual intercourse during unsafe period of menstrual cycle pregnancy can be prevented. Pregnancy can also be prevented by avoiding ejeculation inside vagina during sexual intercourse.

These are some contraceptive methods.

Thanks !!!

BeBrainly_LoveBrainly.

Answer 2

They are some terminal procedures and is a last road for not having a baby for younger or elderly couple, only when it is finalized, then the opt for surgical methods for Family Planning in having children or not having it.

Terminal methods or Permanent methods (Permanent solution to not having a baby, kid, child, foetus, etc. but, can have the chance to make it reversible in rare cases for joining of tubes either in male or females) :--

These are permanent methods of family planning where there is no replacement or augumentation needed or clearly used. The methods are surgical and are some operative procedures which completely block the passage of semen or seminal fluid in the males and ova or ovum (Derivations are done from inital stages, that is, primary and secondary oocyte) from the ovaries to the passage in oviducts in females. The techniques are also called or known as $\textbf{Sterilisation procedures}$. They are called vasectomy for male individuals and tubectomy for female individuals.

1) $\textbf{Vasectomy}$ (in literary means, vas means vessel and ektome means excision): It is a surgical procedure or method which is used for Sterilisation for male individuals. Vasa deferentia is completely blocked in this case by cutting and occluding them so that sperms are unable to pass down the male reproductive system and go into the cervical wall.

A) $\textbf{Conventional Vasectomy}$: It is also known as scalpel surgery and is done under local anaesthesia, transverse 1 centimeter incision is done or made through the skin of the scrotum and the scrotal wall (epididymis) with the help of a scalpel over the area of vasa deferentia, Each of the vas deferentia is totally exposed and cut off. The two ends are then separated and tied in a tight way so no sperm can actually pass out and perform fertilisation. Usually, a gap of 1 to 4 centimeter is also taken and it is a must between the two ends of vasa deferentia otherwise a reunion can occur, forming the vas again.

B) $\textbf{No-scalpel Vasectomy}$: In this case, here, instead of a scalpel being used, a dissecting forced and a ringed forcep is required respectively. The skin is then equally punctured and the vas is taken out as a whole. It is occluded by removal of 1 to 2 centimeters followed by a ligation between the two ends. Occlusion can also be successfully achieved through the means of heat and clips. Vasectomy is a reversible process or a procedure that can join the cut ends again which can be further joined together to open the passage for sperms.

2) $\textbf{Tubectomy}$: In literal means tubus means pipe and ektome means excision. This too is a surgical procedure for the Sterilisation of female individuals where the portion of both of the Fallopian tube or oviduct is excised and ligated to completely block the passage of the ovum or ova through them. Tubectomy is then performed by conventional transabdominal surgery, conventional laparotomy and milaparotomy. In these types of surgical procedures, the ends are cut and the cut ends then are firmly tied to prevent reunion of the tubes. This procedure is also reversible as the cut ends can be rejoined to form the tube passage clear for the ova or ovum again. In laparoscopic procedure, the Sterilisation is done by achieving a loop development and contracting the basal or base region of the loop with the help of silistic ring (a type of cooper ring used to keep the ends tied in order to provide Sterilisation).

3) $\textbf{Essure}$: This is the last resort, or the permanent contraception in women who, in the future, or near coming years, who do not want to bear or have another child for their sake. In this type of procedure, two tiny metal foils are inserted through the medium of two Fallopian tubes through the means of vagina and the uterus by an instrument called or known as $\textbf{hysteroscope}$, since, performed under the instrument of Hysteroscope it has also been named as $\textbf{Hysteroscopically assisted tubal Sterilisation}$. Within the following, or, about 3 months by usages of contraceptions additionally recommended by a team of physicians, after that, the tissue around the coils which are present are the main cause, to give the effect for blocking, it grows throughout the Fallopian tube or oviduct, blocking the tubes permanently and irreversible and a less invasive method than Laparoscopic tubal Sterilisation.