how ice is attached by heating
Answers
ice can melt under pressure and it will refreeze when the pressure is reduced, but while that is all easy enough to say, the science behind it is tricky.
Grab some plastic coated garden wire. Alternatively, copper wire, an old guitar string or even thin fishing line will do (fishing line will take longer).If you are using garden wire, strip the plastic off with a sharp knife (very young scientists will need an adult helper to do this).Tie two used two-litre soft drink bottles with water (you can use two unopened bottles too) to the ends of your wire.Lay a ruler on a table so one end protrudes over the edge of the table. Lay a brick or another heavy object on the other end of the ruler.Cut a piece of styrofoam to the size of an ice cubeand lay it on the end of the ruler and place an ice cube on top. Now suspend the bottles over the ice cube.The full weight of the bottles pulling down on the wire exerts a huge amount of pressure on the ice cube.Over the course of 10 to 15 minutes, the wire will pass right through the ice cube which 'magically' heals itself by refreezing above the wire.Once the wire has passed right through, you can pick the ice cube up and inspect the frozen 'tracks' where the wire has been.
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What's going on?The phenomenon you are witnessing is called 'regelation'. It is water's curious ability to weld itself together and it is so notoriously tricky to explain that it has remained a source of spirited scientific debate for more than 150 years.
The presence of the wire melts the ice below it and the water above refreezes above. It's tempting to give pressure all the credit for this, but dig a little deeper and this simple explanation runs into trouble.
Melting, freezing and the solid state of water are much more complicated than most of us think.
For starters, did you know there are at least eleven different types of ice? The freezer in your kitchen turns water into a substance known to science as 'ice Ih'. The other 10 varieties of ice form under different pressures and temperatures and have a range of crystalline and glassy structures called ice I, ice II,ice III, ice IV and so on. Here's a neat introduction to the rich and complex physics of frozen water.
A standard, garden-variety ice Ih cube floats in your drink because its volume is about 10 per cent greater than the liquid it was made from. You can prove that water expands when it freezes with this simple kitchen experiment.
This unusual property of ice Ih is due to the boomerang shape of water molecules, which underlies the gorgeous hexagonal shapes of snowflakes.
It sounds logical that the pressure under the wire simply crushes the crystal structure underneath causing the ice to melt but, while that is true, experiments published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in 1973 suggest something more is going on.
Those diligent scientists discovered that, as more weight was suspended on the wire and the pressure therefore increased, the speed of the copper and nylon wires through the ice did not increase in the nice, neat, linear fashion that a simple crystal crushing theory predicts.
In April 2014, the Journal of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers published an improved mathematical model for wires passing through ice in a paper titled The viscous drag on solids moving through solids.
These questions about how water melts and refreezes go back a long way. The first observation of metal wires passing through ice appeared in the journal Nature in 1872 and was reported by James Thomson Bottomley. He described a demonstration he had performed for his class during a lecture on heat at the University of Glasgow.
A 12 pound (5.4 kilogram) weight on a flat board was placed on top of an apple-sized lump of ice that was resting on a round piece of wire gauze. The gauze was sitting on a hollow cylinder and by the end of the lecture, Mr Bottomley found "a considerable quantity of ice on the lower side of the gauze, apparently squeezed through the meshes." He continued adding more ice on top of the gauze for several hours and, try as he might, he could not separate the ice below the gauze from the ice above. He also reported that "the ice that has passed through the meshes has a kind of texture corresponding to that of the network, and the small air bubbles appeared to be arranged in columns."
Later that year, Nature published another report of regelation by a meteorologist called John Aitken.
Is
See, ice is a substance which can be changed to water only by heating
During heating , of ice or u can say that during the change of a phase of a substance, the temperature of a body doesn't changes
It remains constant
The ice changes to water by heating , it absorbs heats,
Therefore , ice is to good to be attached with heat,during change of phase always the potential energy of ice changes , not the kinetic energy
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