How is urea formed in the animal body ?
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Ornithine cycle is used to remove ammonia and carbon dioxide from the blood in the form of urea using energy from ATP and the urea so formed is excreted by the kidneys. A schematic representation is given below.
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"Urea is produced by catabolises of ammonia by the liver. It occurs within the mitochondria and cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and is an energy dependent process.
The steps involved in urea formation are as follows:
1. N-Acetyl Glutamate (NAG) is synthesized by NAG synthase out from glutamate and acetyl COA. NAG is an obligate activator that enzyme Carbomoyl Phosphate Synthetase I (CPS I). CPS I combines ammonia and carbon-dioxide to form Carbomoyl Phosphate. It devours two ATP molecules.
2. Carbomoyl phosphate then reacts with ornithine in the existence of ornithine transcarbomylase (OTC) to form citrulline which is transported to the cytoplasm by the ornithine translocase.
3. The cytoplasm, arginosuccinate synthetase combines citrulline and aspartate to organise as arginosuccinate. One molecule of ATP is consumed in this process.
4. Arginosuccinate is then broken down by arginosuccinate lyase into fumarate and arginine.
5. Arginase hydrolyses arginine into urea and ornithine. Urea is sent via blood and is filtered by the kidneys. Ornithine is recycled and sent to the hepatocyte’s mitochondria.
