Question

how scientific forestry started in java?​

Answer 1

Answer:

i)In the 19th Century, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers access to forests.

ii) Now wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making boats or constructing houses under closesupervision.

iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in the forest and transporting wood without a permit.

iv) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted to get free labour.

v) This was known as the ‘Blandong-diensten’ system.

Answer 2

Answer:

The nineteenth century was a turning point in forest management and the forms of state control over the teak and nonteak forests of Java. It was then that a bureaucratic, colonial Forest Service drew boundaries between forest and agricultural land—on maps and in the field—and established police forces to restrict people's access to trees and other forest products. Through a process of trial and error, regulations for profitable tree plantation management were encoded in colonial law, as were the philosophies of forest conservation for hydrological purposes. This period was also the beginning of the foresters' great concern with their eminent rights of domain over land, timber, and the demarcation of forest boundaries. Their possessiveness is seen today in the persistent use of the terms of exclusion that criminalize customary rights of access to forest products and land: “forest theft,” “encroachment,” “squatting,” and “illegal grazing.” Forest dwellers continued to engage in these activities, despite the pejorative labels, in their practice of everyday life.

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