How to the calculate the valency of polyatomic ions
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Determine the oxidation number of each atom in the ion. For example, consider the hydroxide ion, which has an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. The oxidation number of oxygen is -2, and the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. Add together the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in the polyatomic ion.
The valency of an atom is equal to the number of electrons in the outer shell if that number is four or less. Otherwise, the valency is equal to eight minus the number of electrons in the outer shell. Once you know the number of electrons, you can easily calculate the valency.
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Determine the oxidation number of each atom in the ion. For example, consider the hydroxide ion, which has an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. The oxidation number of oxygen is -2, and the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. Add together the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in the polyatomic ion.
The valency of an atom is equal to the number of electrons in the outer shell if that number is four or less. Otherwise, the valency is equal to eight minus the number of electrons in the outer shell. Once you know the number of electrons, you can easily calculate the valency.
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The valencies of the constituent atoms are combined. For example, the polyatomic ion, carbonate, has a formula of CO3. the valence state of oxygen ions is -2 (it’s in Group 16 of the periodic table, two to the left of Group 18, the noble gases: 16–18 = -2). There are 3 oxygen atoms in the polyatomic ion, so the oxygen atoms contribute -6 to the valency of the polyatomic ion. The one carbon atom has a valency of 4+. The overall charge on the carbonate ion is -6 +4 = -2. So carbonate has a charge of -2.
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