Question

how transportation occurs in octopus​

Answer 1

Answer:

When octopuses reproduce, the male uses a specialised arm called a hectocotylus to transfer spermatophores (packets of sperm) from the terminal organ of the reproductive tract (the cephalopod "penis") into the female's mantle cavity. ... The male may cling to the top or side of the female or position himself beside her.

Answer 2

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The octopus uses gills as its respiratory surface. The gill is composed of branchial ganglia and a series of folded lamellae. Primary lamellae extend out to form demibranches and are further folded to form the secondary free folded lamellae, which are only attached at their tops and bottoms.[2] The tertiary lamellae are formed by folding the secondary lamellae in a fan-like shape.[2] Water moves slowly in one direction over the gills and lamellae, into the mantle cavity and out of the octopus' funnel.[3]

The structure of the octopus' gills allows for a high amount of oxygen uptake; up to 65% in water at 20⁰C.[3] The thin skin of the octopus accounts for a large portion of in-vitro oxygen uptake; estimates suggest around 41% of all oxygen absorption is through the skin when at rest.[12] This number is affected by the activity of the animal – the oxygen uptake increases when the octopus is exercising due to its entire body being constantly exposed to water, but the total amount of oxygen absorption through skin is actually decreased to 33% as a result of the metabolic cost of swimming.[12] When the animal is curled up after eating, its absorption through its skin can drop to 3% of its total oxygen uptake.[12] The octopus' respiratory pigment, hemocyanin, also assists in increasing oxygen uptake.[11] Octopuses can maintain a constant oxygen uptake even when oxygen concentrations in the water decrease to around 3.5 kPa[3] or 31.6% saturation (standard deviation 8.3%).[11] If oxygen saturation in sea water drops to about 1–10% it can be fatal for Octopus vulgaris depending on the weight of the animal and the water temperature.[11] Ventilation may increase to pump more water carrying oxygen across the gills but due to receptors found on the gills the energy use and oxygen uptake remains at a stable rate.[3] The high percent of oxygen extraction allows for energy saving and benefits for living in an area of low oxygen concentration

The octopus has three hearts, one main two-chambered heart charged with sending oxygenated blood to the body and two smaller branchial hearts, one next to each set of gills. The circulatory circuit sends oxygenated blood from the gills to the atrium of the systemic heart, then to its ventricle which pumps this blood to the rest of the body. Deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the branchial hearts which pump the blood across the gills to oxygenate it, and then the blood flows back to the systemic atrium for the process to begin again.[18] Three aortae leave the systemic heart, two minor ones (the abdominal aorta and the gonadal aorta) and one major one, the dorsal aorta which services most of the body.[19] The octopus also has large blood sinuses around its gut and behind its eyes that function as reserves in times of physiologic stress.[20]

The octopus' heart rate does not change significantly with exercise, though temporary cardiac arrest of the systemic heart can be induced by oxygen debt, almost any sudden stimulus, or mantle pressure during jet propulsion.[21] Its only compensation for exertion is through an increase in stroke volume of up to three times by the systemic heart,[21] which means it suffers an oxygen debt with almost any rapid movement.[21][22] The octopus is, however, able to control how much oxygen it pulls out of the water with each breath using receptors on its gills,[3] allowing it to keep its oxygen uptake constant over a range of oxygen pressures in the surrounding water.[21] The three hearts are also temperature and oxygen dependent and the beat rhythm of the three hearts are generally in phase with the two branchial hearts beating together followed by the systemic heart.[18] The Frank–Starling law also contributes to overall heart function, through contractility and stroke volume, since the total volume of blood vessels must be maintained, and must be kept relatively constant within the system for the heart to function properly.[23]

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