limboo identity Essa
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Whereas the Sherpas are spread across the state, the Limbus are concentrated in West Sikkim and the Lepchas (ST) and the Bhutias (ST) are found mainly in North Sikkim (Chakraborty and Chakma, 2016). The Lepchas are believed to be the original inhabitants of Sikkim, and special area in the North district has been set aside for them as reservations (this area is referred to as Dzongu) (Arora, 2007). ...
... In India, as the PASTs suggested, national initiatives have promoted large-scale development of hydropower and expansion of other infrastructure in the eastern Himalayan region (Ahlers et al., 2015;Huber and Joshi, 2015): more than 30 hydel projects, amounting to 5352.7 MW, have been proposed for Sikkim, of which 19 are at various stages of implementation (Government of Sikkim, 2017). The Bhutias and the Lepchas have widely denounced large dams as a threat to the cultural identity of their tribes and ethnocide through loss of sacred landscape (Arora, 2007). Interviews in Dzongu revealed that the Lepchas believe that the Teesta river is 'sacred and is the path of salvation for their departed, and damming Teesta would block their souls' passage to the afterlife'. ...
... Many villagers also reiterated that such large-scale infrastructure projects have adverse impacts on the environment (in the form of construction debris and tunnelling, for example) and on local water resources leading to uncertain and fluctuating spring flows, water pollution, and frequent landslides that put both human lives and the infrastructure at risk. The respondents argued that the projects did not follow proper protocols for EIA, violated Article 371F of the Indian constitution (under which the state is obligated to protect the cultural heritage and interest of the indigenous political minorities such as the Lepchas; Arora, 2007), and infringed their indigenous rights to land. These factors mobilized groups of indigenous communities (e