List the various types of cells involved in human immunity. Specify the function(s) of each. How do vaccines cause the production of antibodies? Why should mere absence of antibodies not be considered as absence of immunity against a particular pathogen ?
(10 marks)
Answers
Answer:
How vaccines help
Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself. Regardless of whether the vaccine is made up of the antigen itself or the blueprint so that the body will produce the antigen, this weakened version will not cause the disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will prompt their immune system to respond much as it would have on its first reaction to the actual pathogen.
These two cell types have different roles:
B lymphocytes — they produce antibodies and help alert the T lymphocytes.
T lymphocytes — they destroy compromised cells in the body and help alert other leukocytes.
An antigen specifically induces the production of antibodies which can bind to it and neutralise it. While most vaccines work by inducing B lymphocytes to produce antibodies (see below), activation of T-cells — another type of immune system cell that helps protect against disease — is also important for some vaccines.
Explanation:
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