make a report on the invention of the period of industrial revolution
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Answers
Explanation:
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization which began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century and spread to other European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany, and to the United States. It is regarded as a major event in history which ushered in the modern era in which we live.
#1 SPINNING JENNY
Spinning Jenny of James Hargreaves
The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills
In 1764, British carpenter and weaver James Hargreaves invented a device which he called a spinning jenny. It accomplished the complex task of pulling and twisting the cotton cloth to make a strong thread. It is believed that Jenny was short for engine as it was a spinning engine. The machine had eight spindles to begin with and increased the workers output by eightfold. Although the thread was not strong enough, the spinning jenny could fit into a small cottage and be operated by unskilled workers, including children, and was hence extremely popular. It was also the precursor of the water frame by Richard Arkwright in 1768 which produced a stronger thread spinning around 100 spools at a time. In 1771, Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, on the River Derwent, making it the first factory that completed the process of raw material to finished cloth at a single point. This played a significant part in the ushering of the factory system as he combined power (water), machine and continuous production process with employment practices that would be emulated in the years to come.
#2 STEAM ENGINE
Steam Engine of James Watt
A late version of a Watt double-acting steam engine
The steam engine is termed as the defining innovation of the first industrial revolution in Britain. It was the energy behind advanced inventions in textiles (power loom, spinning mule) and transport (steam powered locomotives and ships) and was one of the primary causes for the transition from human power to machine power. In 1712, British ironmonger Thomas Newcomen combined the ideas of British engineer Thomas Savery and French physicist Denis Papin to make a steam powered engine for lifting water from tin mines. The engine produced a pumping action but no rotating motion and was expensive to run. In the 1760s, James Watt, a Scottish instrument maker, worked along with some professors from the University of Glasgow to improve on Newcomen’s engine. He vastly improved the energy and cost effectiveness of the machine adapting his engine to eventually produce rotary movement and this widened its scope beyond the mining industry.
#3 POWER LOOM
Power Loom of Edmund Cartwright
A power loom from the 1890s
In 1784, Edmund Cartwright visited the factory of Richard Arkwright where spinning of cotton was done on a large scale. Impressed by the scale of production he deduced that once Arkwright’s patent on spinning expired many factories would spawn all around, and productions would skyrocket. The next obvious step would be to weave the cloth on a large scale. It struck him that as plain weaving required only three movements which were to follow each other in succession, there would be little difficulty in producing them and repeating them. In 1785, Cartwright filed for patent for his power loom but the machine needed improvement. Two years later the loom was powered by steam and work was being done mechanically but the problem of broken threads persisted. Power looms became hugely popular in the 1800s with the help of several adjustments and innovations. It is estimated that by 1850 there were 250,000 cotton power-looms in Britain, of which nearly 177,000 were in Lancashire.
#4 SEWING MACHINE
Sewing Machine of Isaac Merritt Singer
Singer Treadle Sewing Machine
Although there had been many patents given to sewing machines, most proved to be inefficient and were not successful. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832 but it is said he did not patent his invention thinking of the unemployment it may cause. In a lockstitch machine, the needle was pushed through the cloth and created a loop on the other side; a shuttle on a track then slipped the second thread through the loop. In 1845, Elias Howe created an efficient sewing machine patenting the lockstitch method. The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844. This was a little earlier than the very similar machines built by Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851 which used the foot pedal and no hand crank. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher’s patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine and Singer won the benefits of the patent. The invention of the sewing machine forever changed the way clothes were made and allowed for mass production of clothing.