Name of agreement to control climate change
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UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol have set a significant precedent as a means of solving a long-term international environmental problem, but are only the first steps towards implementation of an international response strategy to combat climate change. The Kyoto Protocol’s most notable achievements are the stimulation of an array of national policies, the creation of an international carbon market and the establishment of new institutional mechanisms. Its economic impacts on the participating countries are yet to be demonstrated. The CDM, in particular, has created a large project pipeline and mobilized substantial financial resources, but it has faced methodological challenges regarding the determination of baselines and additionality. The protocol has also stimulated the development of emissions trading systems, but a fully global system has not been implemented. The Kyoto Protocol is currently constrained by the modest emission limits and will have a limited effect on atmospheric concentrations. It would be more effective if the first commitment period were to be followed up by measures to achieve deeper reductions and the implementation of policy instruments covering a higher share of global emissions (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
Many options are identified in the literature for achieving emission reductions both under and outside the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, for example: revising the form and stringency of emission targets; expanding the scope of sectoral and sub-national agreements; developing and adopting common policies; enhancing international RD&D technology programmes; implementing development-oriented actions, and expanding financing instruments (high agreement, much evidence). Integrating diverse elements such as international R&D cooperation and cap-and-trade programmes within an agreement is possible, but comparing the efforts made by different countries would be complex and resource-intensive (medium agreement, medium evidence) [13.3].
There is a broad consensus in the literature that a successful agreement will have to be environmentally effective, cost-effective, incorporate distributional considerations and equity, and be institutionally feasible (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
A great deal of new literature is available on potential structures for and the substance of future international agreements. As has been noted in previous IPCC reports, because climate change is a globally common problem, any approach that does not include a larger share of global emissions will be more costly or less environmentally effective. (high agreement, much evidence) (See Chapter 3) [13.3].
Most proposals for future agreements in the literature include a discussion of goals, specific actions, timetables, participation, institutional arrangements, reporting and compliance provisions. Other elements address incentives, non-participation and non-compliance penalties (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
Goals
The specification of clear goals is an important element of any climate agreement. They can both provide a common vision about the near-term direction and offer longer-term certainty, which is called for by business. Goal-setting also helps structure commitments and institutions, provides an incentive to stimulate action and helps establish criteria against which to measure the success in implementing measures (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
The choice of the long-term ambition significantly influences the necessary short-term action and therefore the design of the international regime. Abatement costs depend on the goal, vary with region and depend on the allocation of emission allowances among regions and the level of participation (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
i hope so i help u....
Many options are identified in the literature for achieving emission reductions both under and outside the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, for example: revising the form and stringency of emission targets; expanding the scope of sectoral and sub-national agreements; developing and adopting common policies; enhancing international RD&D technology programmes; implementing development-oriented actions, and expanding financing instruments (high agreement, much evidence). Integrating diverse elements such as international R&D cooperation and cap-and-trade programmes within an agreement is possible, but comparing the efforts made by different countries would be complex and resource-intensive (medium agreement, medium evidence) [13.3].
There is a broad consensus in the literature that a successful agreement will have to be environmentally effective, cost-effective, incorporate distributional considerations and equity, and be institutionally feasible (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
A great deal of new literature is available on potential structures for and the substance of future international agreements. As has been noted in previous IPCC reports, because climate change is a globally common problem, any approach that does not include a larger share of global emissions will be more costly or less environmentally effective. (high agreement, much evidence) (See Chapter 3) [13.3].
Most proposals for future agreements in the literature include a discussion of goals, specific actions, timetables, participation, institutional arrangements, reporting and compliance provisions. Other elements address incentives, non-participation and non-compliance penalties (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
Goals
The specification of clear goals is an important element of any climate agreement. They can both provide a common vision about the near-term direction and offer longer-term certainty, which is called for by business. Goal-setting also helps structure commitments and institutions, provides an incentive to stimulate action and helps establish criteria against which to measure the success in implementing measures (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
The choice of the long-term ambition significantly influences the necessary short-term action and therefore the design of the international regime. Abatement costs depend on the goal, vary with region and depend on the allocation of emission allowances among regions and the level of participation (high agreement, much evidence) [13.3].
i hope so i help u....
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