Question

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1 India is surrounded by waterbodies on three sides yet we face water shortage every year! Consider this-

the per capita water availability in India was 3,450 cu m in 1951. By 2025 the annual per capita availability of

water is expected to fall drastically from the current 1800 cu m per person to 1200-1500 cu m.

2 Mumbai’s demand for water is expected to rise to 7,950 MLD by 2011.the current supply is around 3100

MLD –already a substantial shortfall as the city receives only 2,500 MLD, the balance lost on account of

leakages and pilferage .Delhi Jal Board is able to supply only around 650 million gallons of water per day

against the demand of 750.

3 According to a World Bank study of 27 Asian cities with population of over 1,000,000, Kolkata is the fourth

worst performing metro in terms of water availability per day.

4 The quality of available water is also fast deteriorating. In 1982 it was reported that 70 percent of all

available water in India polluted. The situation is much worse today. The over –extraction of groundwater

has led to salt intrusion into coastal aquifers. It has also resulted in problems of excessive fluoride, iron,

arsenic and salinity in water affecting about 44 million people in India. Groundwater is facing an equally

serious threat from contamination

By industrial effluent and faecal matter as well as pesticides and fertilisers from farm run-offs.

5 Unless priority is given quickly to creating an infrastructure to assure availability of water, there may be no

water to meet the agriculture, domestic and industrial needs of a population that has tripled in 50 years to

one billion.

6 Water management is therefore a major challenge for town for planners, builders and architects today,

not just I terms of availability of water ,but, most importantly, in terms of its quality.

7 As water shortage increases, alternative sources of water supply are gaining importance. These include

sewage recycle, rainwater harvesting, generating water from humidity in the atmosphere, etc. Water for

uses such as drinking, bathing, cooking and laundry,

8 Rajesh Sharma, managing director, Ion Exchange Ltd, opines,” population, industrialisation and pollution

are putting pressure on our limited fresh water resources. There is a limit to increasing water supply because

we are running out of sources and the cost of additional facilities is prohibitive .Moreover, as industry which

pays heavily for the water it uses, recycles more and more of it, it will be increasingly difficult for

municipalities to find the money for subsidy. Sewage recycle would help reduce infrastructural costs on

public supply pipelines. The best way to solve water scarcity, therefore, is conserving water and recycle it

wherever possible. Recycling must be made mandatory for all new projects – industrial or domestic. It

should be promoted for existing buildings also.

9 “Apart from priority to watershed development, rainwater harvesting and water recycle, another area we

need to address is optimising use of water through drip irrigation.

(a) Make notes on the passage in a suitable format. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary. Give a

suitable title.

(b) Write a summary of the passage based on yours notes.

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Answer 1

ansA MLD- mixed layer depth . title- water conservation.DJB delhi jal board WBS world bank study