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Pollination is the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.
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Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.
Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.
Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.
How does pollen get from one flower get from one flower to another? Flowers must rely on vectors to move pollen. These vectors can include wind, water, birds, insects, butterflies, bats, and other animals that visit flowers. We call animals or insects that transfer pollen from plant to plant “pollinators”.
Pollination is usually the unintended consequence of an animal’s activity on a flower. The pollinator is often eating or collecting pollen for its protein and other nutritional characteristics or it is sipping nectar from the flower when pollen grains attach themselves to the animal’s body. When the animal visits another flower for the same reason, pollen can fall off onto the flower’s stigma and may result in successful reproduction of the flower.
Pollen from the anthers of Flower 1 is deposited on the stigma of Flower 2. 0nce on the stigma, pollen may “germinate,” which means that a “pollen tube” forms on the sticky surface of the stigma and grows down into the ovule of the plant.
Plants can be:
Self-pollinating - the plant can fertilize itself. or,Cross-pollinating - the plant needs a vector (a pollinator or the wind) to get the pollen to another flower of the same species.
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Self Pollination-
It is referred as the primary type of pollination as it includes just one flower. Self-pollination occurs when pollen grains fall directly from another into the stigma of the flower. Although this process is quite simple and quick it leads to a reduction in genetic diversity as the sperm and egg cells of the flower share some genetic information.
Cross-Pollination-It refers to a complex type of pollination that allows the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the flower into the stigma of another flower. This method leads to an increase in genetic diversity as different flowers will share and combine their genetic information to create unique offspring.
Methods of Cross-PollinationPollination by Wind – This type of pollination usually occurs when plants are closed. It will not be a long distance for a pollen to move from anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower. All those plants that use wind for their pollination can be blamed for spring allergies and fever in humans. You must have seen that your car is fully covered with yellow film in the spring as it is actually the pollen that uses wind for the method. The flower of the plants uses wind pollination are greenish, small and odorless as they do not have to attract the pollinators, their energy is not used for making colorful petals.
Pollination by Animals – Animals plays an important role in plant reproduction. They help in seed dispersal. When an animal eats the fruit of a plant, they move to a different location. This movement helps in spreading the seeds and with this, we get new plants to new locations.
Artificial pollination – Artificial pollination is done by human beings. If there is difficulty in pollination process through air or animals, humans have to perform this method by spreading pollen grains of palm trees over the female flowers.
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