Presentation on the Neolithic cultures of India.
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The Neolithic is generally defined as a way of life involving crop cultivation, animal husbandry and settled life. The coming of this stage does not mean that other earlier ways of life disappeared.
They continued to exist alongside the new ways of life. And this co-existence resulted in contacts with each other. In the world context, the Neolithic began around 9000 B.C but in the Indian context it began in 7000 B.c
Mehrgarh situated in Baluchistan is the only site belonging to that period. With the coming of crop cultivation and animal husbandry other associated practices in the realms of religion and society also developed. Thus we find the new concepts like belief in life after death, resurrection after death, transmigration of soul and the cycle of rebirth. With permanent settlement, a series of new crafts such as the manufacture of pottery also developed. However, there are regional, cultural and chronological variations in the assemblages.
In Baluchistan we have Kili-Ghul-Muhammad, Rana Ghundai, Anjira, Siah-damb and Mundigak as sites of Neolithic age. At Kili-Ghul-Muhammad Fairservice discovered four phases of occupation. Period I produced radiocarbon samples of4400 and 4100 BC. The people had domesticated sheep, goats and oxen. Initially nomadic, they had constructed houses of mud-brick or hard packed clay by the end of the period. Tools discovered include blades of chert, jasper, a rubbing or grinding stone, awls or points of bone. This period belongs to the pre-ceramic phase. Periods II and III yielded crude handmade and basket-marked pottery. In period III copper was found along with wheel - thrown and handmade decorated potteries.
The Neolithic is generally defined as a way of life involving crop cultivation, animal husbandry and settled life. The coming of this stage does not mean that other earlier ways of life disappeared.
They continued to exist alongside the new ways of life. And this co-existence resulted in contacts with each other. In the world context, the Neolithic began around 9000 B.C but in the Indian context it began in 7000 B.c
Mehrgarh situated in Baluchistan is the only site belonging to that period. With the coming of crop cultivation and animal husbandry other associated practices in the realms of religion and society also developed. Thus we find the new concepts like belief in life after death, resurrection after death, transmigration of soul and the cycle of rebirth. With permanent settlement, a series of new crafts such as the manufacture of pottery also developed. However, there are regional, cultural and chronological variations in the assemblages.
In Baluchistan we have Kili-Ghul-Muhammad, Rana Ghundai, Anjira, Siah-damb and Mundigak as sites of Neolithic age. At Kili-Ghul-Muhammad Fairservice discovered four phases of occupation. Period I produced radiocarbon samples of4400 and 4100 BC. The people had domesticated sheep, goats and oxen. Initially nomadic, they had constructed houses of mud-brick or hard packed clay by the end of the period. Tools discovered include blades of chert, jasper, a rubbing or grinding stone, awls or points of bone. This period belongs to the pre-ceramic phase. Periods II and III yielded crude handmade and basket-marked pottery. In period III copper was found along with wheel - thrown and handmade decorated potteries.
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The Pleistocene Age came to an ended about 10,000 years ago.
By the time, the climatic conditions in western and southern Asia were settled more or less similar to that of today.
Beginning of Settled Life
About 6,000 years ago the first urban societies came into being in both the western and southern Asia regions.
The peculiar advancement in the human life was the domestication of a large number of animals and plants.
Around 7,000 B.C., humans in west Asia started domesticated crops like wheat and barley.
Rice might have been domesticated at the same time in India as it is shown by the evidence from Koldihwa in the Belan valley.
The domestication of various animals and successful exploitation of various species of wild plants ushered a shift towards permanent settlements, which gradually lead the economic and cultural developments.
Neolithic-Agriculture Regions
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