Q1 -Why new economic policy was formulated in 1991 ?
Q2- define foreign direct investment and why it is important for developing country like India ?
Q3- state the basic indicators of human development index ?
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The year 1991 is an important landmark in the economic history of post-Independent India. The country went through a severe economic crisis triggered by a serious Balance of Payments situation. The crisis was converted into an opportunity to introduce some fundamental changes in the content and approach to economic policy. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is considered to be the father of New Economic Policy of India.
Main Objectives of New Economic Policy – 1991, July 24
The mainmain objectives behind the launching of the New Economic policy (NEP) in 1991 by the union Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh are stated as follows:
1. The main objective was to plunge Indian economy in to the arena of ‘Globalization and to give it a new thrust on market orientation.
2. The NEP intended to bring down the rate of inflation and to remove imbalances in payment.
3. It intended to move towards higher economic growth rate and to build sufficient foreign exchange reserves.
4. It wanted to achieve economic stabilization and to convert the economic in to a market economy by removing all kinds of unnecessary restrictions.
5. It wanted to permit the international flow of goods, services, capital, human resources and technology, without many restrictions.
6. It wanted to increase the participation of private players in the all sectors of the economy. That is why the reserved numbers of sectors for government were reduced to 3 as of now.Beginning with mid-1991, the govt. has made some radical changes in its policies bearing on trade, foreign investment exchange rate, industry, fiscal discipline etc. The various elements, when put together, constitute an economic policy which marks a big departure from what has gone before.
The thrust of the New Economic Policy has been towards creating a more competitive environment in the economy as a means toimproving the productivity and efficiency of the system. This was to be achieved by removing the barriers to entry and the restrictions on the growth of firms.
Following steps were taken under the Liberaliation measure:
(i) Free determination of interest rate by the commercial Banka:Under the policy of liberalisation interest rate of the banking system will not be determined by RBI rather all commercial Banks are independent to determine the rate of interest.
(ii) Increase in the investment limit for the Small Scale Industries (SSIs):Investment limit of the small scale industries has been raised to Rs. 1 crore. So these companies can upgrade their machinery and improve their efficiency.
(iii) Freedom to import capital goods:Indian industries will be free to buy machines and raw materials from foreign countries to do their holistic development.
(v) Freedom for expansion and production to Industries:In this new liberalized era now the Industries are free to diversify their production capacities and reduce the cost of production. Earlier government used to fix the maximum limit of production capacity. No industry could produce beyond that limit. Now the industries are free to decide their production by their own on the basis of the requirement of the markets.
1. Liberalisation
Removal of Industrial Licensing and Registration:
Previously private sector had to obtain license from Govt. for starting a new venture. In this policy private sector has been freed from licensing and other restrictions.
Industries licensing is necessary for following industries:
(i) Liquor
(ii) Cigarette
(iii) Defence equipment
(iv) Industrial explosives
(v) Drugs
(vi) Hazardous chemicals.
2. Privatisation:
Simply speaking, privatisation means permitting the private sector to set up industries which were previously reserved for the public sector. Under this policy many PSU’s were sold to private sector. Literally speaking, privatisation is the process of involving the private sector-in the ownership of Public Sector Units (PSU’s).
The main reason for privatisation was in currency of PSU’s are running in losses due to political interference. The managers cannot work independently. Production capacity remained under-utilized. To increase competition and efficiency privatisation of PSUs was inevitable.
Step taken for Privatisation:
The following steps are taken for privatisation:
1. Sale of shares of PSUs:
Indian Govt. started selling shares of PSU’s to public and financial institution e.g. Govt. sold shares of Maruti Udyog Ltd. Now the private sector will acquire ownership of these PSU’s. The share of private sector has increased from 45% to 55%.
2. Disinvestment in PSU’s:
The Govt. has started the process of disinvestment in those PSU’s which had been running into loss. It means that Govt. has been selling out these industries to private sector. Govt. has sold enterprises worth Rs. 30,000 crores to the private sector.
3. Minimisation of Public Sector:
(a) Transport and railway
(b) Mining of atomic minerals
(c) Atomic energy
Indian Economy: A Complete Study Material
Main Objectives of New Economic Policy – 1991, July 24
The mainmain objectives behind the launching of the New Economic policy (NEP) in 1991 by the union Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh are stated as follows:
1. The main objective was to plunge Indian economy in to the arena of ‘Globalization and to give it a new thrust on market orientation.
2. The NEP intended to bring down the rate of inflation and to remove imbalances in payment.
3. It intended to move towards higher economic growth rate and to build sufficient foreign exchange reserves.
4. It wanted to achieve economic stabilization and to convert the economic in to a market economy by removing all kinds of unnecessary restrictions.
5. It wanted to permit the international flow of goods, services, capital, human resources and technology, without many restrictions.
6. It wanted to increase the participation of private players in the all sectors of the economy. That is why the reserved numbers of sectors for government were reduced to 3 as of now.Beginning with mid-1991, the govt. has made some radical changes in its policies bearing on trade, foreign investment exchange rate, industry, fiscal discipline etc. The various elements, when put together, constitute an economic policy which marks a big departure from what has gone before.
The thrust of the New Economic Policy has been towards creating a more competitive environment in the economy as a means toimproving the productivity and efficiency of the system. This was to be achieved by removing the barriers to entry and the restrictions on the growth of firms.
Following steps were taken under the Liberaliation measure:
(i) Free determination of interest rate by the commercial Banka:Under the policy of liberalisation interest rate of the banking system will not be determined by RBI rather all commercial Banks are independent to determine the rate of interest.
(ii) Increase in the investment limit for the Small Scale Industries (SSIs):Investment limit of the small scale industries has been raised to Rs. 1 crore. So these companies can upgrade their machinery and improve their efficiency.
(iii) Freedom to import capital goods:Indian industries will be free to buy machines and raw materials from foreign countries to do their holistic development.
(v) Freedom for expansion and production to Industries:In this new liberalized era now the Industries are free to diversify their production capacities and reduce the cost of production. Earlier government used to fix the maximum limit of production capacity. No industry could produce beyond that limit. Now the industries are free to decide their production by their own on the basis of the requirement of the markets.
1. Liberalisation
Removal of Industrial Licensing and Registration:
Previously private sector had to obtain license from Govt. for starting a new venture. In this policy private sector has been freed from licensing and other restrictions.
Industries licensing is necessary for following industries:
(i) Liquor
(ii) Cigarette
(iii) Defence equipment
(iv) Industrial explosives
(v) Drugs
(vi) Hazardous chemicals.
2. Privatisation:
Simply speaking, privatisation means permitting the private sector to set up industries which were previously reserved for the public sector. Under this policy many PSU’s were sold to private sector. Literally speaking, privatisation is the process of involving the private sector-in the ownership of Public Sector Units (PSU’s).
The main reason for privatisation was in currency of PSU’s are running in losses due to political interference. The managers cannot work independently. Production capacity remained under-utilized. To increase competition and efficiency privatisation of PSUs was inevitable.
Step taken for Privatisation:
The following steps are taken for privatisation:
1. Sale of shares of PSUs:
Indian Govt. started selling shares of PSU’s to public and financial institution e.g. Govt. sold shares of Maruti Udyog Ltd. Now the private sector will acquire ownership of these PSU’s. The share of private sector has increased from 45% to 55%.
2. Disinvestment in PSU’s:
The Govt. has started the process of disinvestment in those PSU’s which had been running into loss. It means that Govt. has been selling out these industries to private sector. Govt. has sold enterprises worth Rs. 30,000 crores to the private sector.
3. Minimisation of Public Sector:
(a) Transport and railway
(b) Mining of atomic minerals
(c) Atomic energy
Indian Economy: A Complete Study Material
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