some
12. The largest and most abundant group containing silicon and oxygen with
aluminium, magnesium, iron, and calcium.
a carbonate class b silicate class c. halide class
d. oxide class
13. One form of mass wasting happens when combined soil and water flow down a slope.
a water erosion b. debris flow
c. landslide
d. mudflow
14. It is the process that usually happens aller magma formed. Magma comes out with
extreme heat and pressure and may cause destructive explosions.
a metamorphism b. volcanism e, magmatism d, weathering
13. It is the process of changing the materials that make up a rock,
a metamorphism b. volcanism
c. magmatism d. weathering
16. The color of minerals in powder form.
a color
b. streak
c. tenacity d. luster
17. This class is mostly found deposited in marine environments.
a carbonate class b silicate class c. halide class d. oxide class
18. Water found on Earth's surface may be either marine water or fresh water.
a fresh water b.ground water c. marine water d. surface water
19. This crust is covered by the land.
a. oceanie crust b. crust
c. Lithosphere
d. continental crust
20. Layer of atmosphere where meteors burn up.
a. mesosphere b. troposphere c. stratosphere d. thermosphere
21. Properties that can tell ifa mineral is brittle and malleable,
a hardness
b. streak
c. tenacity d. luster
22. Water found beneath Earth's surface.
i fresh water b. ground water c. marine water d. surface water
23. Natural substances consisting of aggregate minerals clumped together with other Earth's
materials through natural processes.
a rocks
b. minerals
e. gemstones d. soil
24. Rocks that derived from igneous or sedimentary rocks that were exposed to higher
pressure, high temperature, or a combination of both, deep below the surface of earth.
a. metamorphism
c. igneous rocks
b. sedimentary rocks
d.metamorphic rocks
25. Refers to the measure of the mineral's resistance to scratching.
a hardness
b. streak
e. tenacity d. luster
Answers
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Answer:
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Most minerals are made up of a cation (a positively charged ion) or several cations and an anion (a negatively charged ion (e.g., S2–)) or an anion complex (e.g., SO42–). For example, in the mineral hematite (Fe2O3), the cation is Fe3+ (iron) and the anion is O2– (oxygen). We group minerals into classes on the basis of their predominant anion or anion group. These include oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates, and others. Silicates are by far the predominant group in terms of their abundance within the crust and mantle. (They will be discussed in Section 2.4). Some examples of minerals from the different mineral groups are given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 The Mineral Groups and Examples
[Skip Table]
Group Examples
Oxides Hematite (iron oxide Fe2O3), corundum (aluminum oxide Al2O3), water ice (H2O)
Sulphides Galena (lead sulphide PbS), pyrite (iron sulphide FeS2), chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide CuFeS2)
Sulphates Gypsum (calcium sulphate CaSO4·H2O), barite (barium sulphate BaSO4) (Note that sulphates are different from sulphides. Sulphates have the SO4–2 ion while sulphides have the S–2 ion)
Halides Fluorite (calcium flouride CaF2), halite (sodium chloride NaCl) (Halide minerals have halogen elements as their anion — the minerals in the second last column on the right side of the periodic table, including F, Cl, Br, etc. — see Appendix 1.)
Carbonates Calcite (calcium carbonate CaCO3), dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate (Ca,Mg)CO3)
Phosphates Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)), Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O)
Silicates Quartz (SiO2), feldspar (sodium-aluminum silicate NaAlSi3O8), olivine (iron or magnesium silicate (Mg,Fe)2SiO4) (Note that in quartz the anion is oxygen, and while it could be argued, therefore, that quartz is an oxide, it is always classed with the silicates.)Most minerals are made up of a cation (a positively charged ion) or several cations and an anion (a negatively charged ion (e.g., S2–)) or an anion complex (e.g., SO42–). For example, in the mineral hematite (Fe2O3), the cation is Fe3+ (iron) and the anion is O2– (oxygen). We group minerals into classes on the basis of their predominant anion or anion group. These include oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates, and others. Silicates are by far the predominant group in terms of their abundance within the crust and mantle. (They will be discussed in Section 2.4). Some examples of minerals from the different mineral groups are given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 The Mineral Groups and Examples
[Skip Table]
Group Examples
Oxides Hematite (iron oxide Fe2O3), corundum (aluminum oxide Al2O3), water ice (H2O)
Sulphides Galena (lead sulphide PbS), pyrite (iron sulphide FeS2), chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide CuFeS2)
Sulphates Gypsum (calcium sulphate CaSO4·H2O), barite (barium sulphate BaSO4) (Note that sulphates are different from sulphides. Sulphates have the SO4–2 ion while sulphides have the S–2 ion)
Halides Fluorite (calcium flouride CaF2), halite (sodium chloride NaCl) (Halide minerals have halogen elements as their anion — the minerals in the second last column on the right side of the periodic table, including F, Cl, Br, etc. — see Appendix 1.)
Carbonates Calcite (calcium carbonate CaCO3), dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate (Ca,Mg)CO3)
Phosphates Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)), Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O)
Silicates Quartz (SiO2), feldspar (sodium-aluminum silicate NaAlSi3O8), olivine (iron or magnesium silicate (Mg,Fe)2SiO4) (Note that in quartz the anion is oxygen, and while it could be argued, therefore, that quartz is an oxide, it is always classed with the silicates.)
Native minerals Gold (Au), diamond (C), graphite (C), sulphur (S), copper (Cu)
Oxide minerals have oxygen (O2–) as their anion, but they exclude those with oxygen complexes such as carbonate (CO32–), sulphate (SO42–), and silicate (SiO44–). The most important oxides are the iron oxides hematite and magnetite (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, respectively). Both of these are important ores of iron. Corundum (Al2O3) is an abrasive, but can also be a gemstone in its ruby and sapphire varieties. If the oxygen is also combined with hydrogen to form the hydroxyl anion (OH–) the mineral is known as a hydroxide.