Wʜᴀᴛ Aʀᴇ Pʀᴏᴛᴏɴᴇᴍᴀ
ɪᴅ ᴏɴ ᴅᴇʟᴇᴛɪᴏɴ....
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The protonema, which grows directly from the germinating spore, is in most mosses an extensive, branched system of multicellular filaments that are rich in chlorophyll. ... The protonema is usually threadlike and is highly branched in the mosses but is reduced to only a few cells in most liverworts and hornworts.
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A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the haploid phase) in the life cycle of mosses. When a moss first grows from the spore, it start as a germ tube which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult form of a gametophyte in bryophytes.
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