The difference of three times j and twice time k
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A key issue that initializes both the system design and beginning the evolution process is the current and forthcoming satellite research missions: the EOS AM-1 and EOS PM-1 NASA polar platforms, the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite platforms from Japan, and the current ERS-1, ERS-2, and the future ENVISAT polar platforms from Europe as well as several more specialized research missions (e.g., TOPEX-Poseidon [Ocean Topography Experiment], TRMM, and the future Earth System Science Pathfinders). Another force on the process is the convergence discussions in which NOAA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) (the Air Force) are converging the current Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) systems, respectively, in which they will go from a four platform system in sun-synchronous orbits (equatorial crossings at early morning, midmorning, and two in the afternoon) to a two-platform system (an early morning and an afternoon equatorial crossing). This is the planned NPOESS. Taking over the important midmorning slot will be the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) with its meteorological operational (METOP) polar platform.