The Greeks granted citizenship to many conquered people. They made great contributions to literature and philosophy. First, they differed in the views of citizenship. The Romans developed practical methods for government and the legal system. They stressed citizenship as part of national heritage. Second, each were leaders in their own special field. 21. Topic Sentence: 22.A. 23. 1. 24. 2. 25.B. 26. 1. 27. 2.
Answers
While there is disagreement about when the relation of citizenship began, many thinkers point to the early city-states of ancient Greece, possibly as a reaction to the fear of slavery, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years. In Roman times, citizenship began to take on more of the character of a relationship based on law, with less political participation than in ancient Greece but a widening sphere of who was considered to be a citizen. In the Middle Ages in Europe, citizenship was primarily identified with commercial and secular life in the growing cities, and it came to be seen as membership in emerging nation-states. In modern democracies, citizenship has contrasting senses, including a liberal-individualist view emphasizing needs and entitlements and legal protections for essentially passive political beings, and a civic-republican view emphasizing political participation and seeing citizenship as an active relation with specific privileges and obligations.