the porous rock are drilled with
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Porous rock is the essential feature of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Oil or gas (or both) is generated from source layers, migrates upwards by displacing water and is trapped by overlying layers that will not allow hydrocarbons to move further upwards. Porous material in hydrocarbon reservoirs can be divided into clastics and carbonates. Clastics such as sandstone are composed of small grains normally deposited in riverbeds over long periods of time and covered and compressed over geological periods (Fig. 2.1). Carbonates (various calcium carbonate minerals) are typically generated by biological processes and again compressed by overlying material over long periods of time. Roughly 60% of conventional oil and gas resources occur in clastics and 40% in carbonates.
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